Baer has shown that, for a group G, finiteness of G=Zi(G) implies finiteness of ɣi+1(G). In this paper we will show that the converse is true provided that G=Zi(G) is finitely generated. In particular, when G is a finite nilpotent group we show that |G=Zi(G)| divides |ɣi+1(G)|d′ i(G), where d′i(G) =(d( G /Zi(G)))i.

In this paper‎, ‎we first present some properties of lower and upper central series of pair of groups‎. ‎Then the notion of $n$-isoclinism for the classification of pairs of groups is introduced‎, ‎and some of the structural properties of the created classes are proved‎. ‎Moreover some interesting theorems such as Baer Theorem‎, ‎Bioch Theorem‎, ‎Hirsh Theorem for pair of groups are generalized...

upper devonian sediments of the kuh-e zard area northwest of zefreh, central iran, arecomposed mainly of brown and grey limestones with sandstone and shale intercalations. they contain tracefossils such as chondrites isp., diplocraterion parallelum, fustiglyphus annulatus, lockeia isp., phycodesisp., and taenidium barretti. these trace fossils indicate a shallow marine environment

In this paper we describe an algorithm for finding the nilpotency class, and the upper central series of the maximal normal p-subgroup ∆(G) of the automorphism group, Aut(G) of a bounded (or finite) abelian p-group G. This is the first part of two papers devoted to compute the nilpotency class of ∆(G) using formulas, and algorithms that work in almost all groups. Here, we prove that for p ≥ 3 t...