The allocation of risks among the contracting parties in a contract is an important decision affecting the project success. Some risks in a project are uncontrollable; these are imposed to a project by external factors. Since contracting parties can neither control nor affect the occurrence of such risks, their allocation to a party would be inequitable. Therefore the cost overrun related to un...

Since the International Agency for Research on Cancer labeled crystalline silica a probable carcinogen in 1988, government regulations have required sand and other products to contain warning labels and researchers have attempted to quantitatively assess low-exposure risks. The uncertainties are unlikely to diminish any time soon, and little value exists in calculating such risks, as low exposu...

Received November 2008 Accepted April 2009 INTRODUCTION Giant arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) pose a challenging management problem with respect to open surgery versus endovascular interventional techniques. Endovascular techniques may not be ideal for larger fistulas and may be associated with potential risks of embolism, whilst open surgery poses the risk of uncontrollable hemorrhage.(1,2) We de...

The spectrum of risks that affect the income of agricultural producers and agribusinesses is quite broad. The two predominant risks are: price risk, reflecting variations in market prices for agricultural commodities and production inputs; and production risk, which encompasses variations in the volume or quality of the commodity produced. This note focuses on one of the most pervasive producti...