Twining plants use their helical stems to clasp supports and to generate a squeezing force, providing stability against gravity. To elucidate the mechanism that allows force generation, we measured the squeezing forces exerted by the twiner Dioscorea bulbifera while following its growth using time-lapse photography. We show that the development of the squeezing force is accompanied by stiffenin...

This paper reviews preparation and applications of amylose supramolecules by means of phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization. When the enzymatic polymerization of α-D-glucose 1-phosphate (G-1-P) as a monomer was carried out in the presence of poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PTHF) of a hydrophobic polyether as a guest polymer, the supramolecule, i.e., an amylose-PTHF inclusion complex, was form...

We prove a formula of Kac-Wakimoto type for the twining characters of irreducible highest weight modules of symmetric, noncritical, integrally dominant highest weights over affine Lie algebras. This formula describes the twining character in terms of the subgroup of the integral Weyl group consisting of elements which commute with the Dynkin diagram automorphism. The main tools in our proof are...

One task in legal decision making is to decide about the facts of a case on the basis of the available evidence. This task is not always easy 1 ; often the evidence in a case points in different directions, for example, when witnesses contradict each other. Determining what exactly can be concluded from the evidence is also not an easy or trivial task. For instance, when an accused’s footprints...

This paper reviews the architecture of amylose supramolecules in form of inclusion complexes with synthetic polymers by phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization. Amylose is known to be synthesized by enzymatic polymerization using α-d-glucose 1-phosphate as a monomer, by phosphorylase catalysis. When the phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization was conducted in the presence of v...

This article provides a survey of the life and scholarship William Twining, focusing largely on his contribution to broadening legal education scholarship. Part I reviews background, personality education, then explores significance Africa anti-colonialism, inspiration American realism, teaching in Africa, Belfast, Warwick UCL, law reform efforts scholarly output. II examines intellectual hallm...