auto-reactive cells-mediated immune responses are responsible for the current tissue damages during autoimmunity. accordingly, functional modulation of auto-reactive cells has been a pivotal aim in many of recent studies. in the current study, we investigated the possibility for insertion of regulatory molecules onto auto-reactive cells through exosomal nano-shuttles as a novel approach for phe...

PROBLEM The purpose of our study was to test the hypothesis that the expressions of CD200 and CD200R tolerance molecules are increased on peripheral blood dendritic cells (DCs) in normal pregnancy and decreased on peripheral blood DCs in pre-eclampsia. METHOD OF STUDY Thirty-three patients with pre-eclampsia, 38 normal pregnant women, and 10 healthy non-pregnant women were included in the stu...

Abstract From antibodies to enzyme replacement therapies, biologics and protein drugs have become a major part of the medical market revolutionized medicine. Repeated administration many these drugs, however, leads humoral responses potentially drug failure via neutralization, clearance, or immune related infusion reactions. Once pathogenic anti-drug are formed, patients must take broad immunos...

Cancer immunosurveillance failure is largely attributed to the insufficient activation of tumor-specific class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule (MHC-I)-restricted CD8⁺ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). DEC-205⁺ dendritic cells (DCs), having the ability to cross-present, can present captured tumor antigens on MHC-I alongside costimulatory molecules, inducing the priming and activa...

cd40 is recognized as a member of tumor necrosis factor receptor super family. it is expressed by the immune and non-immune cells. its interaction with cd40 ligand (cd154) brings about  a regulatory effect on  the cellular and humoral immunity. the pathway of cd40-cd154 is influential in various diseases. investigations on such diseases have revealed dimensional mechanisms whereby this route in...

INTRODUCTION Tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) have the potential to prolong graft survival after transplantation. Tolerogenic DCs are in general characterized by a low expression of co-stimulatory molecule and a high IL-10:IL-12 production ratio. Based on promising results with earlier used alternatively activated DCs, we aimed to generate in culture potentially tolerogenic DC by simultaneousl...

Apoptosis mediated by Fas ligand (FasL) interaction with Fas receptor plays a pivotal regulatory role in immune homeostasis, immune privilege, and self-tolerance. FasL, therefore, has been extensively exploited as an immunomodulatory agent to induce tolerance to both autoimmune and foreign antigens with conflicting results. Difficulties associated with the use of FasL as a tolerogenic factor ma...

HLA-G is a nonclassical HLA class I molecule. In allogeneic situations such as pregnancy or allograft transplantation, the expression of HLA-G has been related to a better acceptance of the fetus or the allograft. Thus, it seems that HLA-G is crucially involved in mechanisms shaping an allogeneic immune response into tolerance. In this contribution we focus on (i) how HLA-G is involved in trans...

Extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) play a central role in educating maternal leukocytes, endometrial stromal and endothelial cells to generate a receptive decidual microenvironment tailored to accept the semi-allogeneic fetus. HLA-G, a non-classical HLA class I molecule endowed with immune-regulatory functions, is primarily expressed on EVTs lining the placenta and on the naturally occurring tole...