Complex factors, including substances in cancer cells, cancer treatment effects, and venous stasis associated with chronic illness, blood vessel wall injury, and immobility, interact to place patients with cancer at risk for thrombosis. This article describes the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and treatments for venous and pulmonary emboli associated with cancer. It explor...

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) can induce coagulopathy at the base of sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC), which is an important cause of death in these patients. Cytokine storm causes imbalance in coagulation and fibrinolytic system. A combination of hypercoagulability state, decrease or inhibition of fibrinolysis and endotheliopathy causes thromboembolic events. Underlying diseases such as diab...

Atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory disorder of the medium and large-sized arteries. Recent experiments demonstrated that atherosclerosis is a Th1 dominant autoimmune condition, whereas Th2 cells are rarely detected within the atherosclerotic lesions. Several studies have indicated that Th2 type cytokines could be effective in the reduction and stabilization of atherosclerotic plaque. The...

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Treatment for VTE in athletes is similar to nonathletes. Early treatment of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) with bed rest and anticoagulation has given way to anticoagulation with early mobilization. Thrombolysis, preferably catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT), may be used in select patients with upper extremity DVT (UEDVT)...

Pulmonary embolism is now known to be a common disorder, but it is often difficult to diagnose, particularly when recurrent embolization gradually leads to the development of obstructive pulmonary hypertension. The abnormalities of pulmonary function produced by emboli have been the subject of several recent reports ; many of these studies, however, have been performed in the acute phase follow...

8 Venous Disease ..................................................................... 6 8.1 Normal Anatomy ................................................................... 6 8.2 Venous Disorders .................................................................. 6 8.3 Thromboembolic Phenomena................................................ 6 8.4 Varicose Veins...................................