As distinct community assembly processes can produce similar community patterns, assessing the ecological mechanisms promoting coexistence in hyperdiverse rainforests remains a considerable challenge. We use spatially explicit neighbourhood models of tree growth to quantify how functional trait and phylogenetic similarities predict variation in growth and crowding effects for the 315 most abund...

Distance decay, the general reduction in similarity of community composition with increasing geographical distance, is known as predictor of spatial variation and distribution patterns of organisms. However, changes in fungal communities along environmental gradients are little known. Here we show that distance decays of soil-inhabiting and root-associated fungal assemblages differ, and identif...

the achillea l. genus has a wide distributional range, and the differences in oil composition may be affected by different environmental factors such as soil mineral fertilization, the climate conditions and the culture site. to evaluate the effect of temperate climate on content and chemical combination of essential oil of achillea filipendulina lam,  a. arabica kotschy and a. eriophora dc., t...

Neotropical rainforests sustain some of the most diverse terrestrial communities on Earth. Euglossine (or orchid) bees are a diverse lineage of insect pollinators distributed throughout the American tropics, where they provide pollination services to a staggering diversity of flowering plant taxa. Elucidating the seasonal patterns of phylogenetic assembly and functional trait diversity of bee c...

Soil nitrogen and phosphorus are commonly limiting elements affecting plant species richness in temperate zones. Our species richness-ecological study was performed in alder-dominated forests representing temperate floodplains (streamside alder forests of Alnion incanae alliance) and swamp forests (alder carrs of Alnion glutinosae alliance) in the Western Carpathians. Species richness (i.e., th...

In order to assess the effects of climate change in temperate rainforest plants in southern South America in terms of habitat size, representation in protected areas, considering also if the expected impacts are similar for dominant trees and understory plant species, we used niche modeling constrained by species migration on 118 plant species, considering two groups of dominant trees and two g...

The role of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi in forest soil function and tree productivity has become an increasingly important topic for research in light of possible direct large-scale degradation of EM populations in the forests of Europe (Arnolds, 1991). Although there is a rapidly growing body of information being assembled from laboratory studies using pure culture syntheses, there is relativel...

* It is commonly hypothesized that stand-level fine root biomass increases as soil fertility decreases both within and among tropical forests, but few data exist to test this prediction across broad geographic scales. This study investigated the relationships among fine roots, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and soil nutrients in four lowland, neotropical rainforests. * Within each forest, sa...

in order to evaluation of genotype by environment interactions in holstein cows, iran was divided into cold, middle cold, temperate and hot climate regions. for this purpose used from 39570, 35813 and 18955 records for milk, fat and protein yields, respectively, to progeny test for 35 sires that have 50 daughters in each climate. the data were collected by the centre of breeding and improvement...

A risk assessment of vegetation zone responses to climate change was conducted using the classical Holdridge life zone model on the Loess Plateau of Northwest China. The results show that there are currently ten vegetation zones occurring on the Loess Plateau (1950–2000), including alvar desert, alpine wet tundra, alpine rain tundra, boreal moist forest, boreal wet forest, cool temperate desert...