Q-learning is a reliable but inefficient off-policy temporal-difference method, backing up reward only one step at a time. Replacing traces, using a recency heuristic, are more efficient but less reliable. In this work, we introduce model-free, off-policy temporal difference methods that make better use of experience than Watkins’ Q(λ). We introduce both Optimistic Q(λ) and the temporal second ...

The effects of advanced nonlinear varied shear coefficient and third-order deformation theory (TSDT) on the dynamic responses thick functionally graded material (FGM) plates under thermal vibration are investigated. displacement field TSDT is used to obtain expression for FGM plates. displacements, rotations stresses in numerical results sinusoidal applied heat loads obtained Two parametric env...

The lateral vibration of cracked isotropic thick beams is investigated. Generally, the analysis beam based on line elements can be undertaken using either Timoshenko theory or a third order (TSDT) such as Reddy theory. TSDT superior to theory, it eliminates need for shear correction coefficient. However, there no available solution which main focus this paper. investigated divided into several ...

Abstract This article provides a new finite-element procedure based on Reddy’s third-order shear deformation plate theory (TSDT) to establish the motion equation of functionally graded porous (FGP) sandwich plates resting Kerr foundation (KF). Although TSDT is attractive, it cannot be exploited as expected in analysis due difficulties satisfying zero stress boundary condition. In this study, pr...

An advantage of functionally graded materials (FGMs) over laminated composites is that material properties vary continuously in an FGM but are discontinuous across adjoining layers in laminated composites. Furthermore, in an FGM material, properties can be graded in all three directions which is more difficult to achieve in laminated composites. FGMs have been used for structural optimization, ...

Background: The first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) for plates requires a shear correction factor due to the assumption of constant shear strain and shear stress across the thickness; hence, the shear correction factor strongly influences the accuracy of the deflection solution; the third-order shear deformation theory (TSDT) does not require a correction factor because it facilitates t...

In this paper, natural frequencies of square laminated composite plates for different supports at edges are presented. Using a third order shear deformation theory of plates (TSDT), which is categorized in equivalent single layer theories (ESL), a new set of linear equations of motion for square multi-layered composite plates has been derived. Laminated plates are supposed to be either angleply...

Abstract The stability behaviour of unsymmetrical laminated structures made fibre-reinforced plastics is significantly influenced by bending–extension coupling and the comparatively low transverse shear stiffnesses. aim this work to improve analytical analysis unsymmetrically structures. With discrete plate theory, can be reduced single plates. structure divided into individual segments, surrou...

In this paper, layerwise theory (LT) along with the first, second and third-order shear deformation theories (FSDT, SSDT and TSDT) are used to determine the stress distribution in a simply supported square sandwich plate subjected to a uniformly distributed load. Two functionally graded (FG) face sheets encapsulate an elastomeric core while two epoxy adhesive layers adhere the core to the face ...