H-NOM T-GEN son-ACC kidnap-PST ‘Hanako kidnapped Taro’s son.’ (active) b. Taroo-no musuko-ga Hanako-ni saraw-are-ta T-GEN son-NOM H-DAT kidnap-PASS-PST ‘Taroo’s son was kidnapped by Hanako.’ (DIRECT PASSIVE) c. Taroo-no musuko-ga Hanako-niyotte saraw-are-ta T-GEN son-NOM H-DAT kidnap-PASS-PST ‘Taroo’s son was kidnapped by Hanako.’ (NIYOTTE PASSIVE) d. Taroo-ga Hanako-ni musuko-o saraw-are-ta T-...

This study investigates the nature of Nominative case in Korean, focusing on multiple Nom constructions, a phenomenon which has been the main source for differing views on Nom case. The study evaluates two opposing syntactic views of Nom case in Korean: default case approach vs structural case approach, by examining the time course of acquisition for relevant constructions using an experimental...

BACKGROUND Trichoderma reesei, a mitosporic green mould, was recognized during the WW II based on a single isolate from the Solomon Islands and since then used in industry for production of cellulases. It is believed to be an anamorph (asexual stage) of the common pantropical ascomycete Hypocrea jecorina. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We combined molecular evolutionary analysis and multiple ...

fuzzy set based methods have been proved to be effective in handling many types of uncertainties in different fields, including reliability engineering. this paper presents a new approach on fuzzy reliability, based on the use of beta type distribution as membership function. considering experts' ideas and by asking operators linguistic variables, a rule base is designed to determine the level ...

In Madagascan waters, both Tetraclita rufotincta Pilsbry 1916 and T. africana Ren 1989 have been reported. Tetraclita rufotincta is more widely distributed than T. africana, extending to the western Indian Ocean and east Africa. Tetraclita africana is reported from Madagascar and no further distribution record has been made apart from its type locality. Both species have pink parietes and are s...

We synthesize data on all known extant and fossil Coleoptera family-group names for the first time. A catalogue of 4887 family-group names (124 fossil, 4763 extant) based on 4707 distinct genera in Coleoptera is given. A total of 4492 names are available, 183 of which are permanently invalid because they are based on a preoccupied or a suppressed type genus. Names are listed in a classification...

In the course of a new database project on Miocene to Recent freshwater gastropods of Europe, a great many of primary and secondary homonyms were revealed. Such nomenclatural issues need clarification in order to avoid misunderstandings and wrong statements about geographical distributions and temporal ranges. The following 16 new names are introduced to replace existing homonyms: Theodoxus mil...

OBJECTIVES: The performance of spiral-wound nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes was investigated in terms of natural organic matter (NOM) rejection and associated NOM fouling. The study objectives focused on • demonstrating the effects of both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between NOM components and the membrane surface • determining influential factors (water qu...

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Over the last 250 years of taxonomic descriptions of freshwater gastropods a large number of primary and secondary homonyms were produced. Several of them have now been uncovered in the course of a new database project. To overcome the associated nomenclatural problems we propose 10 replacement names: Theodoxus pseudodacicus nom. nov., Theodoxus stoicai nom. nov., Viviparus deleeuwi nom. nov., ...