The freshwater polyp Hydra produces buds which separate from the parent. Other Hydrozoa produce branches which remain connected to the parent, thus forming a colony. Some Hydrozoa grow by means of an organ that is like a shoot apical meristem. Others display a sympodial type of growth. In this article, I propose that these different types of branches are organized by a common pattern-forming sy...

Wild peppers (Capsicum spp.) are either annual or perennial in their native habitat and their shoot architecture is dictated by their sympodial growth habit. To study shoot architecture in pepper, sympodial development is described in wild type and in the classical recessive fasciculate (fa) mutation. The basic sympodial unit in wild-type pepper comprises two leaves and a single terminal flower...

Spikelet morphology of 250 specimens of 47 species of Schoeneae was examined using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. We confirmed that spikelet structure in Schoeneae is cymose with a sympodial "rachilla." Monopodial spikelets, as described by most current literature, were not found in Schoeneae. Prophylls are not always present in sympodial spikelets and cannot be used to dete...

There is a lack of sufficient information on cotton responses to time and amount of foliar application of potassium (K) under salt stress environment, The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of potassium (as Solupotasse 50% K2O and 18% S) rate and application time on yield and yield components of cotton under saline field condition. A factorial experiment based on randomized ...

Flowering in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) has long been investigated by plant physiologists and horticulturists aiming to increase productivity of this important fruit crop. The disruption of the sequence of events which give rise to normal development of the reproductive structures by either the manipulation of the environment, hormones or mutations has provided information useful to unrav...

Vegetative and reproductive phases alternate regularly during sympodial growth in tomato. In wild-type 'indeterminate' plants, inflorescences are separated by three vegetative nodes. In 'determinate' plants homozygous for the recessive allele of the SELF-PRUNING (SP) gene, sympodial segments develop progressively fewer nodes until the shoot is terminated by two consecutive inflorescences. We sh...

In aiming to decipher the genetic control of shoot architecture in pepper (Capsicum spp.), the allelic late-flowering mutants E-252 and E-2537 were identified. These mutants exhibit multiple pleiotropic effects on the organization of the sympodial shoot. Genetic mapping and sequence analysis indicated that the mutants are disrupted at CaJOINTLESS, the orthologue of the MADS-box genes JOINTLESS ...

Two new species of aquatic hyphomycetes in the genus Tricladium are described from streams in Alaska, USA. Both species were isolated from submerged decaying sedges. Tricladium kelleri has blackish colonies and typical tricladioid conidia formed on sympodial conidiogenous cells. Tricladium alaskense has conidia with fine elements and 0-4 lateral branches; conidia are formed on sympodial conidio...

Thecate Hydrozoa produce stems from which polyps branch off. Similar to plants these stems form in two ways, either in a sympodial or in a monopodial type of growth. In the latter group a terminal organ develops which has similarities to a shoot apical meristem of higher plants: it elongates without a further differentiation. Similar to leaf formation in plants, thecate Hydrozoa produce polyps ...