history of language teaching methodologies is characterized by variety of syllabuses equal to the number of teaching methods. following the ups and downs in teaching methods, syllabuses have had the same destiny. in line with the humanistic trend in this arena, whole learner involvement received prime significance to the extent that many favor negotiated syllabus in language teaching and lea...

History of language teaching methodologies is characterized by variety of syllabuses equal to the number of teaching methods. Following the ups and downs in teaching methods, syllabuses have had the same destiny. In line with the humanistic trend in this arena, whole learner involvement received prime significance to the extent that many favor negotiated syllabus in language teaching and learni...

The history of pedagogy and education shows that syllabus has always had a crucial role in the success of every course. Nowadays, the course designers allocate an especial room for learners’ needs which are continuously changing in an expanding world. This demands a new vision in education through cooperation with others via negotiation for syllabus. Although a great body of research has been c...

This paper tries to examine how Japanese university students conceptualize English and Japanese ELT by analyzing their interview texts. As an analytical approach, I used Critical Discourse Analysis in order to identify how the students’ conceptualizations of English and Japanese ELT were established in the discursive structures constituting Japanese ELT discourse, such as power relationships be...

This paper analyzes the process of automated negotiation between two competitive agents that have firm deadlines and incomplete information about their opponent. Generally speaking, the outcome of a negotiation depends on many parameters—including the agents’ preferences, their reservation limits, their attitude toward time and the strategies they use. Although in most realistic situations it i...

This study investigated the effect of role play on improving speaking ability of Iranian pre-intermediate ESP learners. To this aim, the researchers examined the students’ speaking ability in two groups: the experimental and the control groups.24 males and femaleESPlearners at pre-intermediate level were selected by taking a pre-test. Then the participants of the current study were randomlydivi...