In the development of TLS 1.3, the IETF TLS Working Group has adopted an “analysis-prior-to-deployment” design philosophy. This is in sharp contrast to all previous versions of the protocol. We present an account of the TLS standardisation narrative, examining the differences between the reactive standardisation process for TLS 1.2 and below, and the more proactive standardisation process for T...

Despite more than 50 years of debate on product standardisation versus adaptation and the effective way to tackle this issue, a consensus is yet to be achieved. Some academics conceptualise standardisation-adaption as two mutually-exclusive orientations (Levitt 1984; Buzzell 1968; Turner 1986; Ohmae 1986), however, other authors (Jain 1989; Quelch & Hoff 1986; Schilke et al. 2009) favour a cont...

Engagement by the higher education sector in standardisation of the technology that supports e-learning is hardly a mainstream activity. For many stakeholders, processes associated with standardisation are both perceived as opaque and tedious. Reasons for a lack of engagement are canvassed; among them, the perception that ‘secret standards business’ is conducted only by those individuals and co...