Light which enters a photomultiplier tube is detected and produces an output signal through the following processes. (1) Light passes through the input window. (2) Light excites the electrons in the photocathode so that photoelectrons are emitted into the vacuum (external photoelectric effect). (3) Photoelectrons are accelerated and focused by the focusing electrode onto the first dynode where ...

including basic and performance. For example, section 4.1 shows spectral response characteristics of typical photocathodes and also gives the definition of photocathode sensitivity and its measurement procedure. Section 4.2 explains dynode types, structures and typical characteristics. Section 4.3 describes various performance characteristics such as time response, operating stability, sensitiv...

This paper describes measurements made on Hamamatsu R1408 8-m. photomultiplier tubes in order to parameterise the cesium bialkali photocathode in terms of a complex refractive index fi and a thickness T. The extracted parameters have been used to predict the angular response of the photomultiplier tubes, and this prediction has been experimentally verified. Measurements were taken on a number o...

The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory will use an array of 9500 Hamamatsu R1480 8-in. photomultiplier tubes and their associated concentrators to detect Cherenkov light. This paper describes an experimental investigation of the photomultiplier tubes and their concentrators, together with work done to model the angular and wavelength response. Good agreement is achieved. 0168~9002/96/$15.00 Copyright...

A novel photon detector, the Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM), has been tested in proximity focusing Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) counters that were exposed to cosmic-ray particles in Ljubljana, and a 2 GeV electron beam at the KEK research facility. This type of RICH detector is a candidate for the particle identification detector upgrade of the BELLE detector at the KEK B-factory, for which th...

The purpose of the research presented in this paper is to help characterize and improve the photomultiplier tubes which go inside the Xenon dark matter detector. This paper discusses Dark Matter, the Xenon experiment, and the main project. The main project presented in this paper is the optimization of a parameter of photomultiplier tubes called linearity. Linearity means that the input and out...