on the verge of the constitutionalist revolution in iran, the three social forces existing in the socio-political arena were competing with each other and at the same time, struggling with the monarchy to increase their share of power: independent intellectuals, traditional followers of religion, and merchants. this rivalry set the scene for a discursive battle in which, each social force was t...

This is an attractive little volume of two hundred and twenty-six pages, neatly bound and printed upon excellent paper with wide margins and clear type. It is a literary mosaic made up of twenty-five editorials appearing in The Survey in 1907 and 1908. These more or less disconnected bits of expression upon social phenomena in general are put together with so much skill and delicacy of workmans...

with the beginning of a new era of constitutional dimensions of iran's social and political environment changes, the formation of social and political forces in iran has been change. arrival and spread of western culture as a challenge to the intellectual tradition- political manifested, iranian muslims's among the jurists and religious forces seek to explain the progressive principle...