The Gaussian white noise and the sum-of-sinusoids methods of systems analysis provide equivalent descriptions of nearly linear and strongly nonlinear transductions in the cat retina. Smoothness in the frequency domain is a common characteristic of biological transductions. This permits a substantial improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio by using the sum-of-sinusoids method, as is demonstrate...

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disease, and the incidence increases year by year. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is correlated with insulin resistant (IR), and oxidative stress which induces varied inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, etc). Different signal transductions such as MAPK, NF-κB, AMPK, JAK2/STAT3, PPAR, PI3K/Akt, TLR were activated by the pathogenic fact...

The paradigm shift from experimentals to bioinformatics is apparent in many areas of biology. There are immediate demands to construct databases that are designed for computer analysis of biological phenomena. Specifically, the immune system has been researched very intensely in experimentals because it is essential to protect our bodies against viruses, bacteria, and other foreign things. The ...

We investigate the formal expressivity properties of linear transductions, the class of transductions generated by linear transduction grammars, linear inversion transduction grammars and preterminalized linear inversion transduction grammars. While empirical results such as those in previous work are of course an ultimate test of modeling adequacy for machine translation applications, it is eq...

Courcelle, B., Monadic second-order definable graph transductions: a survey, Theoretical Computer Science 126 (1994) 53-75. Formulas of monadic second-order logic can be used to specify graph transductions, i.e., multivalued functions from graphs to graphs. We obtain in this way classes of graph transductions, called monadic second-order definable graph transductions (or, more simply, d&able tr...