The question of what deters crime is of both theoretical and practical interest. The present paper focuses on what factors deter minor, non-violent crimes, i.e., dishonest actions that violate the law. Much research has been devoted to testing the effectiveness of legal sanctions on crime, while newer models also include social sanctions (judgment of friends or family) and internal sanctions (f...

This essay reviews the literature and origins of the targeted sanctions framework. The development of smart sanctions has solved many of the political problems that prior efforts at comprehensive trade sanctions had created. In so doing, the idea of smart sanctions served as a useful focal point for policy coordination among key stakeholders. Nevertheless, there is no systematic evidence that s...

Informal sanctions are a major determinant of a society’s social capital because they are key to the enforcement of implicit agreements and social norms. Yet, little is known about the driving forces behind informal sanctions. We systematically examine the determinants of informal sanctions by a large number of experiments. Our experiments allow us to identify the relative importance of three m...

with financial support from the European Community under the 7 th Framework Programme. The publication reflects the views of the author(s) and not those of the European Community, who is not to be held liable for any use that may be made of the information contained. Figure 2: Number of farms by number of sanctions per farm and year; slight sanctions (a) and severe sanctions (b), Swiss control ...

threat to use military force against iran has been repeated by us. these threats have been along with increasing sanctions and embargo against iran. the question we address in this paper is: what is the impact of on military threats against iran on effectiveness of sanctions and embargo against it? we will examine this hypothesis: in situation of global economy, transforming of military option ...

While some observers continue to argue that “sanctions never work,” we agree with most scholars that the key question is when, not whether, sanctions work. What types of goals are relatively more likely to be advanced with economic sanctions? Which targets are most vulnerable? How should sanctions be imposed to maximize effectiveness? In this chapter we describe the framework we use to address ...

This paper examines the impact of sanctions on trade, and how international relations influences the welfare implications of sanctions. Sanctions intend to punish target countries by inhibiting them from the gains from trade. The e↵ect of sanctions depends on not only the bilateral impact on trade but how much trade is diverted to other countries. I decompose international trade by the types of...

This paper examines the interaction between legal and reputational sanctions in the design of an optimal deterrence regime, particularly in a setting where two parties are engaged in a long-term relationship (a “relational contract” setting). The paper makes three claims. First, both legal and reputational sanctions are costly: legal sanctions require spending resources on litigation while repu...

“Insiders” – employees within organizations – have been seen as a major problem for information security management. Employees were often found to intentionally violate organizational information security policies despite the possibility of being disciplined for their actions. In this study, we aim to examine the effects of different types of sanctions – organizational, workgroup, and personal ...

The sanctioning of norm-violating behavior by an effective formal authority is an efficient solution for social dilemmas. It is in the self-interest of voters and is often favorably contrasted with letting citizens take punishment into their own hands. Allowing informal sanctions, by contrast, not only comes with a danger that punishments will be misapplied, but also should have no efficiency b...