Mannion and Braithwaite outline a new paradigm for studying and improving patient safety – Safety II. In this response, I argue that Safety I should not be dismissed simply because the safety management strategies that are developed and enacted in the name of Safety I are not always true to the original philosophy of ‘systems thinking.’

In their editorial, Mannion and Braithwaite contend that the approach to solving the problem of unsafe care, Safety I, is flawed and requires a shift in thinking to what they are calling Safety II. We have reservations as to whether by itself the shift from Safety I to Safety II is sufficient. Perhaps our failure to improve outcomes in the field of patient safety and quality lies less in our ap...

In their recent editorial Mannion and Braithwaite provide an insightful critique of traditional patient safety improvement efforts, and offer a powerful alternative vision based on Safety-II thinking that has the potential to radically transform the way we approach patient safety. In this commentary, I explore how the Safety-II perspective points to new directions for organisational learning in...

In a recent edition of this journal, Mannion and Braithwaite provide a succinct analysis of the emergence, and ultimately limited impact, of what they term the current ‘Safety I’ movement in healthcare. They describe the arc of this field from denial, through engagement via mechanisms and approaches imported from other industries, to the current situation where, despite ‘best efforts,’ error ra...

Who could disagree with the seemingly common-sense reasoning that: “We must learn from the things that go wrong.”? Despite major investments to improve patient safety, relatively few evaluations demonstrate convincing reductions in risk, harm, serious error or death. This disappointing trajectory of improvement from learning from errors or Safety-I as it is sometimes known has led some research...

The agar diffusion assay was used to examine the effect of pH on the ability of alkaline salts of 3 fatty acids (FA) to inhibit growth of bacteria associated with poultry processing. FA solutions were prepared by dissolving 0.5 M concentrations of caprylic, capric, or lauric acid in separate aliquots of 1.0 M potassium hydroxide (KOH). Citric acid was added to the FA-KOH mixtures to reduce the ...

it’s obvious that road safety is causing large problems and costs in iran with an enormous impact on the well-being of people, economy and productivity. the yearly number of fatalities and injuries is still unchanged. motor vehicle injuries lead the list of injury deaths at the all ages during childhood and adolescence, even in children under 1 yrs of age. understanding the actual of child road...

Five methods are introduced for design of castellated I beams encased in concrete. One of the methods, plastic analysis, is thoroughly explained and the relevant equations are developed. Eight castellated I beams encased in concrete are made and tested. The theoretical design methods are all compared with the test results and the safety factor for each method is calculated. The results show tha...

Five methods are introduced for design of castellated I beams encased in concrete. One of the methods, plastic analysis, is thoroughly explained and the relevant equations are developed. Eight castellated I beams encased in concrete are made and tested. The theoretical design methods are all compared with the test results and the safety factor for each method is calculated. The results show tha...

It’s obvious that road safety is causing large problems and costs in Iran with an enormous impact on the well-being of people, economy and productivity. The yearly number of fatalities and injuries is still unchanged. Motor vehicle injuries lead the list of injury deaths at the all ages during childhood and adolescence, even in children under 1 yrs of age. Understanding the actual of chil...