The estimation of nitrogen status, non-destructively, in oilseed rape was performed using spectral reflectance with visible and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (Vis/NIRS), and SPAD values of the oilseed rape leaves of 30 plots were measured by a SPAD 502 chlorophyll meter, and the research was carried out at experiment field in the Zhejiang University during growing season from 2007 to 2...

Use of physiological parameters as fast tools to screen for drought tolerance in sugarcane: Drought is one of the major limitations to plant productivity worldwide. Identifying suitable screening tools and quantifiable traits would facilitate the crop improvement process for drought tolerance. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of four relatively physiological parameters (variable-t...

The error in protein tertiary structure prediction is unavoidable, but it is not explicitly shown in most of the current prediction algorithms. Estimated error of a predicted structure is crucial information for experimental biologists to use the prediction model for design and interpretation of experiments. Here, we propose a method to estimate errors in predicted structures based on the stabi...

monly used instruments is a Minolta SPAD (soil plant analysis development) meter. The SPAD meter measures the difference in light absorption at 430 and 750 nm (Wood et al., 1992). The former is the transmittance peak for chlorophyl ‘a’ and ‘b’, and the latter is in the near-infrared region. The instrument converts the difference in light absorption at these two wavelengths into a numerical SPAD...

Iron deficiency in plants is caused by a low availability of iron in the soil, and its main visual symptom is leaf yellowing due to a decrease in chlorophyll content, along with a reduction in plant growth and fruit quality. Foliar sprays with Fe compounds are an economic alternative to the treatment with expensive synthetic Fe-chelates applied to the soil, although the efficacy of foliar treat...

We present our third prototype sensor and a localization method for Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs), for which small imaging LIght Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) and fusion-based localization are fundamentally important. Our small imaging LIDAR, named the Single-Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) LIDAR, uses a time-of-flight method and SPAD arrays. A SPAD is a highly sensitive photodetector capable ...

A Soil-Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter can be used as a simple tool for evaluating N concentration of the leaf and investigating the combined effects of nitrogen rate and leaf age on N distribution. We conducted experiments in a paddy field over two consecutive years (2008-2009) using rice plants treated with six different N application levels. N distribution pattern was det...

One of the key hazardous events in railways is signals passed at danger (SPAD). SPAD events are relatively common, most with minor consequence. However, SPAD events with catastrophic consequences happen sufficiently often to be a concern within the rail industry. A SPAD event is a precursor to a train collision or derailment; hence there is a strong focus on measuring and reducing their frequen...

Rice leaves display lateral asymmetry around the midrib, and the narrow side exhibits higher leaf area-based nitrogen concentration (Na) and soil plant analysis development (SPAD) values than the wider side. However, the difference in the relationship between the SPAD of each side and Na of the corresponding lateral half, and the optimal position along the leaf blade for SPAD measurements are n...