Background: At present smoking is considered a great health-related problem. Smoking cigarettes and use of tobacco are on the rise in the Middle East countries; therefore, the number of people exposed to passive cigarette smoke is increasing, too. The aim of the present study was to determine and compare salivary cotinine levels in hookah smokers, individuals exposed to passive cigarette smoke ...

BACKGROUND AND AIM: This study is conducted aiming to assess and compare the salivary levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in active and passive smokers to determine the correlation between environmental tobacco smoke and health condition. METHODS: This study evaluated 75 healthy individuals inc...

Background: Smoking is one of the preventable causes of disease in middle and low-income countries. This study was conducted in smokers and non-smokers to observe the changes in total count of leukocytes in cigarette smokers in relation to body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP). Methods:The study populations were from different sources including diagnostic center and general hospital, an...

background: oral squamous cell carcinoma (oscc) is one of the most common malignant tumors. its incidence is rated as one among the highest in the world and the use of tobacco in various forms is increasingly associated with the cause of oscc. in oral cancer the study of tumor markers have been limited and several tumor makers with clinical promise needs further evaluation. methods: present stu...

introduction: fasting during ramadan provides an opportunistic setting for smoking cessation intervention. smokers find it easy to cease smoking during ramadan due to the religion, cultural and environmental influences. this study aims to determine the changes in smoking behaviour during ramadan among malay muslim male students who were current smokers. methods: this is cross sectional study us...

Introduction: To assess the salivary composition of proteins and minerals in smokers compared with non-smokers.   Materials and Methods: In this study we compared the total protein and Ca, Na, K, Mg, Pb of whole saliva in two groups of men (28 smokers and 31nonsmokers) aged between 29-41years.   Results: Fifty-nine participants were evaluated. The mean age was 33.14±5.32 years among smo...

OBJECTIVE To find CEA levels in smokers of different categories (hookah smokers, cigarette smokers smoking different brands of cigarettes and different number of cigarettes per day) and to correlate CEA levels with type and rate of smoking. METHODS A total of 122 cigarette smokers (115 men and 7 women) and 14 hookah smokers (all men) with age ranging from 16-80 years were studied. CEA levels ...

This paper provides a template for the taxation of cigarettes that not only will yield a rich source of government revenue but also has the potential to improve public health. The tax formulae provided here expressly tax the nicotine and tar content of any brand of cigarette. This acts to discourage the substitution of higher nicotine brands for lower nicotine brands when higher cigarette taxat...