in front wheels driven vehicles, fuel economy can be obtained by summing torques applied to rear wheels. on the other hand, unequal torques applied to rear wheels provides enhanced safety. in this paper, a model with seven degrees of freedom is considered for the vehicle body. thereafter, power-train subsystems are modeled. considering an electrical machine on each rear wheel, a fuzzy controlle...

A nonlinear model consisting “yaw, roll, longitudinal, lateral and pitch” has been developed in which, tire and suspension characteristics have been considered. Tire model is based on the elliptic concept and tire Calspan data. According to this tire model, cornering force and aligning moment are computed as a function of slip and camber (inclination) angles, normal load, tire adhesion characte...

This study was designed to provide evidence for the hypothesis that human balance corrections in response to pitch perturbations are controlled by muscle action mainly about the ankle and knee joints, whereas balance corrections for roll perturbations are controlled predominantly by motion about the hip and lumbro-sacral joints. A dual-axis rotating support surface delivered unexpected random p...

Studies have found that rolling the visual environment affects observers’ perception of gravitational vertical and horizontal and that pitching the environment affects observers’ perception of pitch. However, the relationship between these two perceptions is not fully understood. In the present work, observers performed three tasks while in a visual surround whose pitch and roll was manipulated...

a nonlinear model consisting “yaw, roll, longitudinal, lateral and pitch” has been developed in which, tire and suspension characteristics have been considered. tire model is based on the elliptic concept and tire calspan data. according to this tire model, cornering force and aligning moment are computed as a function of slip and camber (inclination) angles, normal load, tire adhesion characte...

A nonlinear model consisting “yaw, roll, longitudinal, lateral and pitch” has been developed in which, tire and suspension characteristics have been considered. Tire model is based on the elliptic concept and tire Calspan data. According to this tire model, cornering force and aligning moment are computed as a function of slip and camber (inclination) angles, normal load, tire adhesion characte...

In this paper, the roll and pitch dynamics of a biologically inspired quadruped water runner robot are analyzed, and a stable robot design is proposed and tested. The robot’s foot–water interaction force is derived using drag equations. Roll direction instability is attributed to a small roll moment of inertia and large instantaneous roll moments generated by the foot–water interaction forces. ...

Little is known about the dependence of the roll angular vestibuloocular reflex (aVOR) on gravity or its gravity-dependent adaptive properties. To study gravity-dependent characteristics of the roll aVOR, monkeys were oscillated about a naso-occipital axis in darkness while upright or tilted. Roll aVOR gains were largest in the upright position and decreased by 7-15% as animals were tilted from...