Whereas recent framings of planetary urbanization stress the planet-scaled impacts contemporary urban processes, we might also conceive cities as being constitutively ‘planetary’ from their very outset. This article looks at two ways in which earliest centres or ‘civilizations’ on floodplains Fertile Crescent harnessed deep, geological forces Earth. The first is tapping and channelling sediment...

ABSTRACT: A number of civil engineering projects which include river valley projects, transportation projects and metro rail projects are under construction in India. Various structures, such as underground openings, powerhouse caverns, metro tunnels, dam foundations and slopes are increasingly located in/on rock formations. The rock in its natural state is a very complex material especially wh...