rational knowledge-claims, consisting of theoretical propositions expressing a judgment about complex urban problems, are not new. the audiences, i.e. the public whose lives are affected by such claims, have begun to question the claims of rationality in urban planning. in response, each urban planner, believing in a particular theory or point of reference, endeavors to challenge competing theo...

module over a ring is a general mathematical concept for many examples of mathematicalobjects that can be added to each other and multiplied by scalar numbers.in this paper, we consider a module over a ring as a universe and by using the notion of reference points, we provide local approximations for  subsets of the universe.

A robust fingerprint recognition algorithm should tolerate the rotation and translation of the fingerprint image. One popular solution is to consistently detect a unique reference point and compute a unique reference orientation for translational and rotational alignment. This paper develops an effective algorithm to locate a reference point and compute the corresponding reference orientation c...

It is well-established that, when confronted with a decision to be taken under risk, individuals use reference payoff levels as important inputs. The purpose of this paper is to study which reference points characterize decisions in a setting in which there are several plausible reference levels of payoff. We report an experiment, in which we investigate which of four potential reference points...

Our context of interest is tree-structured exact search in metric spaces. We make the simple observation that, the deeper a data item is within the tree, the higher the probability of that item being excluded from a search. Assuming a fixed and independent probability p of any subtree being excluded at query time, the probability of an individual data item being accessed is (1− p) for a node at...