a b s t r a c tintroduction: craving to methamphetamine is a significant health concern and exposure to methamphetamine cues in laboratory can induce craving. in this study, a task designing procedure for evaluating methamphetamine cue-induced craving in laboratory conditions is examined. methods: first a series of visual cues which could induce craving was identified by 5 discussion sessions b...

In the Theory of Challenge and Threat States in Athletes (TCTSA) it is proposed that on approach to motivated performance situations an individual can respond in a challenge state or a threat state. Challenge and threat states are marked by contrasting patterns of psychological, emotional, and cardiovascular (CV) responses. A challenge state is proposed to maintain or facilitate performance com...

This article gives an overview of recently published literature on the factors that govern SN2 reactivity. By comparing reactivity in solution with that in the isolated gas phase, it has become possible to dissect the contribution of the solvent from that of the intrinsic molecular properties. This has proven to be an extremely important and fruitful step forward in obtaining key knowledge not ...

Drugs-of-abuse may increase the salience of drug cues by sensitizing the dopaminergic (DA) system (Robinson and Berridge, 1993), leading to differential attention to smoking stimuli. Event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used to assess attention to smoking cues but not using an ERP component associated with DA-mediated salience evaluation. In this study the DA-related P2a and the P3, were c...

inhalational insulin was withdrawn from the market due to its potential to produce airway hyper-reactivity and bronchoconstriction. so the present study was designed to explore the acute effects of insulin on airway reactivity of guinea pigs and protective effects of salbutamol and beclomethasone against insulin induced airway hyper-responsiveness on isolated tracheal smooth muscle of guinea pi...

background and objective: alzheimer’s disease (ad) is a multifactorial disease with debilitating consequences and few therapeutic strategies exist for it. with regard to antioxidant capacity and anti-β-amyloid polymerization potential of ellagic acid, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of this substance on enhanced acetylcholinesterase reactivity in an experimental model of alzheim...

background and objectives: brucella melitensis infection is still a major health problem for human and cattle in developing countries and the middle east. materials and methods: in this study, in order to screen immunogenic candidate antigens for the development of a brucella subunit vaccine, a cytoplasmic protein (dnak) and an outer membrane protein (omp31) of b. melitensis were cloned, expres...