The properties of biodiesel as renewable fuel, as well as the problems associated with its conventional production processes are outlined. A novel sustainable process based on catalytic reactive distillation is proposed as alternative. The pros and cons of manufacturing biodiesel via fatty acid esterification using metal oxides as solid acid catalysts are investigated. The experimental findings...

In this paper, we show how a clear separation between control and data processing in reactive applications increases the range of application of the proof tools of the synchronous reactive model and of the reuse mechanism of the object-oriented approach. We present an approach and some tools that allow this separation in the Ptolemy framework.

Nicotinic acid is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical and biochemical industries. Compared to chemical methods, enzymatic conversion of 3-cyanopyridine is an advantageous alternative for the production of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. The separation of the product is complicated, owing to its high dilution rate in fermentation broth and high cost. Reactive liquid-liquid extraction by a s...