background: genetic polymorphism of milk proteins has been associated with composition, manufacture, and traits of milk. caseins are the most important milk proteins whose genes are strongly linked and inherited as a raceme. κ-casein which is a quantitatively minor constituent of bovine milk is thought to play a critical role in organization, fixation and aggregation of casein micelles and firm...

background: mycoplasmas can cause acute and chronic diseases at multiple sites with wide-range complications and have been implicated as cofactors in diseases. the infections influenced form genital mycoplasmas specifically mycoplasma hominis and mycoplasma genitalium potentially affect reproductive disorders, and infertility. objective: isolation and molecular identification of mycoplasma geni...

background: sarcocystosis in south american camelids (sac) is an important parasitic disease which results in economical loss due to carcass condemnation. meat products from camelids are significant source of animal protein in several american countries. sarcocystis spp. producing macroscopical cysts in these animals have been nominated as s. aucheniae, s. tilopodi, and s. guanicoecanis. the ai...

background: escherichia coli is a commensal-pathogenic organism, which includes a wide range of strains. despite several advanced molecular-genomic technologies for detecting and identifying different strains of e. coli, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (eric-pcr) technique is a quick, sharp and cost effective fingerprint method. the major purpose of the...

optimization of the condition for pcr-directed sequencing of microsatellites poly adenine (a) length polymorphisms is more difficult and sensitive compared with other common sequences. replication slippage may occur for polymerase enzyme during microsatellite amplification and direct sequencing of these pcr products will be challenging for heterozygote samples. so, the aim of this study is to i...