A simple vapor-compression refrigeration system becomes ineffective and inefficient as it consumes a huge energy supply when operating between large temperature differences. Moreover, the recent Kigali amendment has raised concern about phasing out some hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants due to their impact on environment. In this paper, numerical investigation is carried compare performance of cas...

In this work, the refrigerant R1233zd(E) (A1 ASHRAE safety code) is investigated for possible substitution of R161 (A2 in a cascade refrigeration system. The high-temperature circuit evaluated with low-temperature refrigerants R41 and R170 thermo-economic consideration. A comparative analysis combination R41-R1233zd(E) R170-R1233zd(E) presents exergy efficiency total plant cost as evaluation cr...

Abstract The improper usage of refrigerants has a drastic impact on the environment, which is contributing to global warming and ozone layer depletion. are being used currently have very high GWP (Global Warming Potential) value that signifies an adverse warming. Refrigerant properties can be enhanced modified by making refrigerant blends. This research uses as measure provides alternative blen...

The carbohydrate composition of the rough-type endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides, LPSs) from Shigella sonnei mutant strains (Shigella sonnei phase II 4303, 562H, R41 and 4350) was investigated by capillary electrophoresis and GC-MS. The monosaccharides obtained by hydrolysis were determined by capillary electrophoresis combined with laser induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF) after labeling wit...

HE mode of onset of transmission of a gene acquired through DNA-induced transformation will necessarily reflect some features of the process of genetic recombination in bacterial transformation systems. In an earlier publication, a method was briefly described 'which permitted the determination of when, on the average, a newly acquired gene begins to be transmitted at cell division, in Diplococ...

The scroll compressor, using R41 OA that has higher density and works at higher pressure than R22, is required to redesign its geometry such as wrap profile. The design parameters of wrap profile such as base circle radius, wrap height, involute end angle and discharge port have to be well determined to obtain high compressor efficiency. At first, a simulation program has been developed to pred...

We study potential games with continuous player sets, a class of games characterized by an externality symmetry condition arising naturally in models of network congestion. We offer a simple description of equilibria which are locally stable under a broad class of evolutionary dynamics, and prove that behavior converges to equilibrium from all initial conditions. We propose a subclass of potent...

We report a vehicle-fleet experiment with an economic incentive for keeping within speed limits using a speed-alert device. A traffic insurance scheme was simulated with a monthly bonus during two months reduced by a non-linear speeding penalty. Participants were randomly assigned into four treatment and two control groups. A third control group consists of drivers who had the device and were m...

We investigate the effect of lane kilometers of roads on vehicle-kilometers traveled (VKT) in US cities. VKT increases proportionately to roadway lane kilometers for interstate highways and probably slightly less rapidly for other types of roads. The sources for this extra VKT are increases in driving by current residents, increases in commercial traffic, and migration. Increasing lane kilomete...