The possibility that researchers should be able to obtain data from all cases is questionable. There a need; therefore, this article provides probability and non-probability sampling. In paper we studied the differences similarities of two with approach more fritter away time, cost sufficient energy required throughout sample observed. pair shows between them, different articles were reviewed c...

BACKGROUND Interaction in clinical trials presents challenges for design and appropriate sample size estimation. Here we considered interaction between treatment assignment and a dichotomous prognostic factor with a continuous outcome. Our objectives were to describe differences in power and sample size requirements across alternative distributions of a prognostic factor and magnitudes of the i...

OBJECTIVES It is crucial for policy makers to monitor the evolution of tobacco smoking prevalence. In France, this monitoring is based on a series of cross-sectional general population surveys, the Health Barometers, conducted every five years and based on random samples. A methodological study has been carried out to assess the reliability of a monitoring system based on regular quota sampling...

Conditional random fields are among the state-of-the art approaches to structured output prediction, and the model has been adopted for various real-world problems. The supervised classification is expensive, since it is usually expensive to produce labelled data. Unlabeled data are relatively cheap, but how to use it? Unlabeled data can be used to estimate marginal probability of observations,...

A census is a complete enumeration of the population: data are collected from every unit in the population. In a survey, a subset of the population, called a sample, is taken. Census are taken at regular but infrequent intervals, e.g. every 5 or 10 years. In between, surveys are used to update results. The selection and estimation procedures of official surveys are almost always based on previo...

Applied statistics research plays pivotal role in diverse problems of social sciences, agricultural sciences, health sciences, and business research. Many investigations are conducted by survey research. The technique of sampling and determination of sample size have crucial role in survey-based research problems in applied statistics. Specific sampling techniques are used for specific research...