Abstract The colonial history of Tunisia has long been dictated by sources that made the qaid (an official in charge fiscal attributions), from viewpoint capital city, a local notable and often prevaricator. This study proposes to reconsider relationship between government regional power context drawing on recent work Ottoman studies about provincial elites. article reforms interwar period cere...

The aim of this work is to compare shifts in the consumer behaviour of Russian households since the mid-nineties till nowadays. The research considers the consumer behaviour of the Russians over almost the maximum possible available data RLMS period, focusing on the crisis years. Special attention is paid to analysis of the effects of crises in 1998 and 2008. To reveal effects as shifts in cons...

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) for Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are necessary when we deploy MANETs in reality. In this paper, we focus on the protection of MANET routing protocols. Therefore, we present a new intrusion detection architecture based on quantitative, agents, and clusters that is suitable for multi-hop mobile ad hoc networks. It detects nodes misbehavior and anomalies in pa...

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Food products account for a significant amount of the Iranian imports. Despite the rising prices of food products over the last two decades, their imports have been increasing too. In this study import demand of the main imported food products is empirically analyzed using Quadratic AIDS. Welfare impacts are measured using compensated variation. The results indicate that all products, except te...

In this study, the effect of socioeconomic variables on provincial bread demand using the QUAIDS model has been investigated. In this model, socioeconomic variables such as age, gender and marital status of the head of household, the education level of the head of household and spouse’s head of household, household size, and occupation status of the head household have been used. The virtual va...

Abstract Household equivalent scale is an index to measure the impact of household demographic characteristics, such as the householder’s age and gender, the number of household members, etc., and plays a significant role in measuring poverty and inequality. By taking into account demographic characteristics differences, this index facilitates the reasonable comparison of households’ welfare,...