The aim of this study is to compare between proton boron fusion therapy (PBFT) and boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) and to analyze dose escalation using a Monte Carlo simulation. We simulated a proton beam passing through the water with a boron uptake region (BUR) in MCNPX. To estimate the interaction between neutrons/protons and borons by the alpha particle, the simulation yielded with a v...

Just like how Paxos is hard to understand, PBFT is also hard to understand. Therefore, we want to formulate a Byzantine Fault Tolerant distributed file system that is easy to understand. Therefore, we took inspiration from Raft, PBFT, as well as Blockchains (because it’s the latest fad) to create a simple BFT algorithm.

We describe two abstractions that show how Lamport’s Paxos and Castro and Liskov’s PBFT are essentially the same consensus protocol, but for different failure models. The first abstraction is a regular register that captures how processes in both protocols propose and decide values. The second abstraction is tokens that capture how these protocols guarantee agreement despite partial failures. T...

Radioactive isotopes originating from the damaged Fukushima nuclear reactor in Japan following the earthquake and tsunami in March 2011 were found in resident marine animals and in migratory Pacific bluefin tuna (PBFT). Publication of this information resulted in a worldwide response that caused public anxiety and concern, although PBFT captured off California in August 2011 contained activity ...

Byzantine fault tolerant systems behave correctly when no more than f out of 3f + 1 replicas fail. When there are more than f failures, traditional BFT protocols make no guarantees whatsoever. Malicious replicas can make clients accept arbitrary results, and the system behavior is totally unspecified. However, there is a large spectrum between complete correctness and arbitrary failure that tra...

For the current Intellectual Property (IP) transaction scenario, consensus nodes need to simultaneously transactions of same type, resulting in low efficiency, accuracy, and reliability, which seriously hinders development intellectual property. Based on consortium chain, this paper proposes a secure efficient blockchain-distributed algorithm, ST-PBFT (Shard Transaction Practical Byzantine Faul...

Consensus is a fundamental and difficult problem in fault tolerant distributed computing, and numerous consensus algorithms have been published. The paper proposes a generic consensus algorithm that highlights, through well chosen parameters, the core mechanisms of a number of well-known consensus algorithms including Paxos, OneThirdRule, PBFT, FaB Paxos. Interestingly, the generic algorithm al...

Introduction: Recently, an approach exploiting the proton therapy biological enhancement by using Boron atoms injected inside a tumor, has been proposed. Three alpha particles with an average energy around 4MeV are emitted from the point of reaction between a proton and boron. In addition, the 719 keV prompt gamma emitted by the proton Boron fusion reactions can be used for on-...