The present investigation sought to comparatively explore the effect of length of residence (LOR) as well as EFL instruction on the pragmatic competence of Iranian learners. The participants were 45 EFL learners in Iran and 45 learners in Canada selected based on snowball sampling and each group was divided into three sub-groups based on the years of learning English in an EFL or a natural sett...

Speech acts shape the core of pragmatic competence and their mastery is a prerequisite for successful dis- course encounters in an L2. Cross-cultural comparisons, as claimed by Johnstone (2018), are very effec- tive for knowing and acquiring the speech acts. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to compare a limited number of communicative routines in English and Persian within the f...

The current MIT approach to mechanical translation is aimed at providing routines intrinsically capable of producing correct and accurate translation. We are attempting to go beyond simple word-for-word translation; beyond translation using empirical, ad hoc, or pragmatic syntactic routines. The concept of full syntactic translation has emerged: translation based on a thorough understanding of ...

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the relative timing of syntactic and pragmatic anomaly detection during sentence processing. Experiment 1 was an eye movement study. Experiment 2 employed a dual-task paradigm with compressed speech input, to put the processing routines under time pressure. Experiment 3 used compressed speech input in an anomaly monitoring task. The outcomes of th...

Our daily activities are comprised of motor routines, which are behavioral templates with specific goals, typically performed in an automatic fixed manner and without much conscious attention. Such routines can seem to resemble pathologic rituals that dominate the motor behavior of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and autistic patients. This resemblance raises the question of what differenti...

Objective: This article shows the analytical value of an approach that integrates theoretical elaborations about temporal orientations different types agency (pragmatic, identity, and life course) uncertainty management, to analyse how families dealt with challenges emerged during COVID-19 pandemic.
 Background: The pandemic has been a major shock seriously challenged families' ability ada...