study of the osteological development in fishes is important from fisheries, biology and aquaculture points of views. it can be used as an early bio-indicator of non-optimal rearing conditions. the caspian roach, rutilus caspicus is a native cyprinid fish of the caspian sea that its artificial propagation has fulfilled in hatcheries to recruit its natural stocks. hence, this study was conducted...

background: about 70% of all pregnant women suffer from pelvic girdle pain (pgp)and/or low and high back pain(lbp,hbp). the risk factors for developing pelvic girdle pain and back pain in general are history of previous low back pain or pelvic or pain in previous pregnancy. in order to study the relative frequency of different kinds of backache in pregnancy and possible risk factors for develop...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of muscle function and subgroups of low back pain (no low back pain, pelvic girdle pain, lumbar pain and combined pelvic girdle pain and lumbar pain) in relation to pregnancy. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SUBJECTS Consecutively enrolled pregnant women seen in gestational weeks 12-18 (n = 301) and 3 months postpartum (n = 262). METHODS Classific...

The growing interest in pregnancy-related low back and/or pelvic girdle pain has invoked research projects to this subject. Although it seems a modern syndrome, historical articles show that pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPGP) was already known centuries ago. The purpose of the present article is to provide a summary review of performed studies on pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain. R...

OBJECTIVE To study the prognosis for pelvic girdle pain, and to explore the association between presence of emotional distress during pregnancy and pelvic girdle syndrome 6 months after delivery. DESIGN Longitudinal population study. SETTING Norway, for the period 1999-2008. POPULATION A follow-up of 41 421 women in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort who reported pelvic girdle pain at ...

OBJECTIVE To estimate associations of progestin-only contraceptives with persistent pelvic girdle pain 18 months after delivery. METHODS Prospective population based cohort study during the years 2003-2011. We included 20,493 women enrolled in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study who reported pelvic girdle pain in pregnancy week 30. Data were obtained by 3 self-administered questionnai...

OBJECTIVE To examine whether an association exists between exercise levels pre-pregnancy and pelvic girdle pain in pregnancy. Pelvic girdle pain in pregnancy has been associated with physical inactivity, a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS We used data from a population-based cohort study including 39 184 nulliparous women with a singleton pregnancy enrolled in the Norwegian...

BACKGROUND The Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire is the only instrument designed to assess pain and disability specifically in pregnant or postpartum women with pelvic girdle pain. The objective of this study was the adaptation to the Spanish language and analysis of the psychometric properties of the Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire. METHODS This is a descriptive cross-sectional study divided into two ...