nutcracker syndrome (ncs) is a rare pathology, caused by compression of the left renal vein (lrv) between the abdominal aorta (aa) and the superior mesenteric artery (sma), due to reduction of the angle between aa and sma. this leads to lrv varices, left gonadal vein varices and therefore, the pelvic congestion syndrome. for this reason, coexistence of ncs and pelvic congestion syndrome has bee...

Nutcracker syndrome (NCS) is a rare pathology, caused by compression of the left renal vein (LRV) between the abdominal aorta (AA) and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), due to reduction of the angle between AA and SMA. This leads to LRV varices, left gonadal vein varices and therefore, the pelvic congestion syndrome. For this reason, coexistence of NCS and pelvic congestion syndrome has bee...

Pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) is a chronic condition that mainly affects female. We report case of long-standing lower abdominal pain caused by pelvic syndrome, which often underdiagnosed, and discuss the imaging findings. The patient was treated endovascularly with an IUD lipiodol glue

Chronic pelvic pain is a common gynecological problem with many causes and may account for approximately 10% outpatient gynecological visit. Pelvic Congestion Syndrome (PCS) is defined as a condition characterized by congestion of the pelvic veins visible on selective ovarian venography in multiparous premenopausal women with a history of chronic pelvic pain for more than six months. We report ...

Background: The precise aetiology of pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) remains poorly understood but is believed to be multifactorial having mechanical, hormonal and psychological components. Materials and methods: Minimally invasive techniques of embolisation or sclerotherapy of the ovarian veins has become the mainstay of treatment for PCS. Studies report a technical success rates from 89-100%...

To evaluate the efficacy of various treatments for pelvic congestion syndrome in patients with different stress levels, we analyzed one hundred six patients with pelvic congestion syndrome, confirmed with laparoscopy and venography, who did not respond to medication after 4-6 months medication. They were divided into three groups: (embolotherapy; hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy and hor...