Background Ketamine rapidly elicits antidepressive effects in humans and mice in which serotonergic activity is involved. Although α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α4β2 nAChR) in the dorsal raphe nucleus plays a key role in the ketamine-induced prefrontal serotonin release, the source of cholinergic afferents, and its role is unclear. Methods Prefrontal serotonin levels after ketamine i...

Sir, We appreciate the opportunity to respond to the comment by Xiang et al. (2013) on our review on interspecies differences in the pedunculopontine nucleus area. As exemplified by the data of Xiang et al. (2013) it is evident that the mesencephalic locomotor region compromises several distinct structures that are involved in initiation and inhibition of gait, and certainly the implications of...

Sir, We appreciate the opportunity to respond to the comment by Xiang et al. (2013) on our review on interspecies differences in the pedunculopontine nucleus area. As exemplified by the data of Xiang et al. (2013) it is evident that the mesencephalic locomotor region compromises several distinct structures that are involved in initiation and inhibition of gait, and certainly the implications of...

Sir, We appreciate the opportunity to respond to the comment by Xiang et al. (2013) on our review on interspecies differences in the pedunculopontine nucleus area. As exemplified by the data of Xiang et al. (2013) it is evident that the mesencephalic locomotor region compromises several distinct structures that are involved in initiation and inhibition of gait, and certainly the implications of...

Understanding neuroanatomical sympathetic circuitry and neuronal connections from the caudal pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus to skeletal muscle is important to the study of possible mechanisms of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) and cuneiform nucleus (CnF) that are involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle activity of the sympathetic pathway. The aim of this study was to use vir...

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com LC: Locus Coeruleus; LHA: Lateral Hypothalamic Area; MLR: Midbrain Locomotor Region; NAc: Nucleus Accumbens; NRGc: Nucleus Reticularis Gigantocellularis; NRMc: Nucleus Reticularis Magnocellularis; ORX: Orexin; PD: Parkinson’s Disease; PM: Premotor Area; PMRF: Pontomedullary Reticular Formation; PPN: Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus; PRF: Pontine R...

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com LC: Locus Coeruleus; LHA: Lateral Hypothalamic Area; MLR: Midbrain Locomotor Region; NAc: Nucleus Accumbens; NRGc: Nucleus Reticularis Gigantocellularis; NRMc: Nucleus Reticularis Magnocellularis; ORX: Orexin; PD: Parkinson’s Disease; PM: Premotor Area; PMRF: Pontomedullary Reticular Formation; PPN: Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus; PRF: Pontine R...

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com LC: Locus Coeruleus; LHA: Lateral Hypothalamic Area; MLR: Midbrain Locomotor Region; NAc: Nucleus Accumbens; NRGc: Nucleus Reticularis Gigantocellularis; NRMc: Nucleus Reticularis Magnocellularis; ORX: Orexin; PD: Parkinson’s Disease; PM: Premotor Area; PMRF: Pontomedullary Reticular Formation; PPN: Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus; PRF: Pontine R...

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com LC: Locus Coeruleus; LHA: Lateral Hypothalamic Area; MLR: Midbrain Locomotor Region; NAc: Nucleus Accumbens; NRGc: Nucleus Reticularis Gigantocellularis; NRMc: Nucleus Reticularis Magnocellularis; ORX: Orexin; PD: Parkinson’s Disease; PM: Premotor Area; PMRF: Pontomedullary Reticular Formation; PPN: Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus; PRF: Pontine R...

The mammalian mesopontine tegmentum (MPT) contains two cholinergic nuclei, the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg). These provide the cholinergic innervation of, among other brain areas, the dopaminergic A9 and A10 cell groups. Their axons are thus the source of endogenous acetylcholine (ACh) acting on somato-dendritic acetylcholine receptors ...