background & aim: parkinson's disease (pd) can be created with loss of dopaminergic substantial nigra neurons which is widely associated with oxidative stress and reduced glutathione (gsh), as the most important and abundant thiol in tissues and one of the antioxidant defense, is one of the earliest biochemical events related to parkinson's and consumption of antioxidants has a protec...

Although physiological function of alpha-synuclein is not yet clearly understood, accumulating evidence strongly suggests it plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. Pathologically, alpha-synuclein is a major component of Lewy bodies, which is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson disease. Alpha-synuclein pathology is observed in the brainstem nuclei, including the dorsal...

Die Parkinson-Krankheit ist nach der Alzheimer-Krankheit die häufigste neurodegenerative Erkrankung. Sie wird zur Gruppe hypokinetischen Bewegungsstörungen gezählt. Atypische Parkinson-Syndrome stellen eine pathologisch inhomogene seltener neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen dar, im Vergleich durch einen maligneren Verlauf und ein schlechteres Therapieansprechen gekennzeichnet sind. Neuroprotektive...

Parkinson disease is one of the common brain diseases caused by dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra and dopaminergic fiber loss in the striatum. In the present study, the effects of treadmill exercise on motor performance, dopaminergic loss of neurons and fibers, and α-synuclein expression in the nigrostriatum were evaluated using rotenone-induced Parkinson rats. For the inductio...

The term Parkinson disease defines a specific clinical condition characterized by a typical history and characteristic signs. This review examines the historical evolution of the concept of Parkinson disease and how the misunderstanding of Parkinson disease may be hindering clinical research trials. It is proposed that this syndrome be called Parkinson diseases or parkinsonism type 1 through in...

more than 10 million people worldwide are living with parkinson’s disease (pd). the ages of people who have parkinson are variable, usually between 50 and 80 years, the average of them is 55 years old. the symptoms of pd are progressive, and within 10 to 20. it happens when dopaminergic neurons were being degenerate. peripheral and central inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways play a compl...

Parkinson’s disease is the second most common age associated neuron degenerative disorder in developed societies. With the prevalence ranging from 41 per 100000 in the fourth decade of life to over 1900 per 100000 in people over 80 years of age.it characterized clinically by resting tremor, slowness of movement, rigidity and postural instability in the result of progressive loss of dopami...

BACKGROUND Parkinson disease is a common neurodegenerative disease. The racial, sex, age, and geographic distributions of Parkinson disease in the US are unknown. METHODS We performed a serial cross-sectional study of US Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older from the years 1995, and 2000-2005. Using over 450,000 Parkinson disease cases per year, we calculated Parkinson disease prevalence a...

Parkinson disease associated with farming and exposure to agricultural chemicals has been reported in numerous studies; little is known about Parkinson disease risk factors for those living in urban areas. The authors investigated the relation between copper, lead, or manganese emissions and Parkinson disease incidence in the urban United States, studying 29 million Medicare beneficiaries in th...