background : few studies have focused on syndromic data to determine levels of alarm thresholds to detection of meningitis outbreaks. the purpose of this study was to determine threshold levels of meningitis outbreak in hamadan province, west of iran . methods : data on both confirmed and suspected cases of meningitis (fever and neurological symptom) form 21 march 2010 to 20 march 2012 were use...

background: following the outbreak of eltor cholera in iraq’s kurdistan, iran was threatened through the western border. therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the health system response of marivan city in kurdistan province (iran) as a risky gateway for the outbreak of eltor cholera epidemic in iran. materials and methods: this cross-sectional study was implemented in marivan ...

The Situated Action approach to AI emphasizes the role of the environment in the generation and control of behavior; see (Norman 1993) for an introduction. Work to date has focused mainly on activity within spatially and temporally localized environments such as kitchens and video games (Agre & Chapman 1987; Agre & Horswill 1992). How useful is this perspective when larger-scale activities are ...

and do not assume endorsement by the Federal Government (Edgar, 75.620(b)). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We gratefully acknowledge Cindy Gruman and Allison Roche for their assistance in preparing this report. We also appreciate the helpful comments on an early draft of the report provided by David Stapleton.

Objective(s): Infections due to carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae are associated with high morbidity and mortality. In this study, we report a hospital outbreak due to co-producing OXA-48 and NDM-1 K. pneumoniae clone. The aim of the study is to investigate the clonal relationship of strains, risk factors of outbreak and infection control measures.<em...

Background: Following the outbreak of eltor cholera in Iraq&rsquo;s Kurdistan, Iran was threatened through the western border. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the health system response of Marivan city in Kurdistan Province (Iran) as a risky gateway for the outbreak of eltor cholera epidemic in Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was implemented in...

The hallmark of skilled reading is the ability to read individual words accurately and quickly in isolation as well as in text, referred to as “context free” word reading skill (Stanovich, 1980). For a skilled reader, even a quick glance at a word activates its pronunciation and meaning. Being able to read words from memory by sight is valuable because it allows readers to focus their attention...

abstract the oak leafroller moth , tortrix viridana l. is a destructive pest within it’s spreading area which invades the oak species, especially in west and northwest forests of iran, in recent years. some parts of west azarbayjan’s forests which are located in piranshahr and sardasht region have been affected by this pest since 1989 that oak trees vigor and survival have been gone down result...

African Horsesickness (AHS) is a controlled disease in South Africa. The country is divided into an infected area and a control area. An outbreak of AHS in the control area can result in a ban of exports for at least 2 years. A retrospective epidemiological study was carried out on data collected during the 2004 AHS outbreak in the surveillance zone of the AHS control area in the Western Cape P...

Outbreak data and case–control studies have linked some serotypes to certain foods or exposures. Information obtained during outbreak investigation is a key tool in understanding which foods are common sources of pathogens contributing to foodborne infections. During outbreak investigations, illnesses can be linked to a particular food by using epidemiologic or laboratory evidence. We analyzed ...