introduction: risk is an essential component in the production and sale of agricultural products. due to the nature of agricultural products, the people who act in this area including farmers and businesspersons encounter unpredictable fluctuations of prices. on the other hand, the firms that process agricultural products also face fluctuation of price of agricultural inputs. given that the can...

* We are grateful for helpful comments from Salih Neftci. The comments of an anonymous referee were enormously beneficial. We are grateful for support from the Schweger Fund. Remaining errors are our own.

Tuenter considered centered binomial sums of the form Sr(n) = 2n ∑

The. theory of reduced incidence algebras of binomial posets furnishes a unified treatment of several types of generating functions that arise in enumerative combinatorics. Using this theory as a tool, we study ‘reduced covering algebras’ of binomial lattices and show that they are isomorphic to various algebras of q-binomial generating functions for certain modular binomial lattices.

This article discusses convergence problems when calculating Vega (option sensitivity to volatility) that arise from discretization errors embedded in the lattice approach. Four alternative improvements to the traditional binomial method are discussed and investigated for performance. We also propose a new Modified Binomial (MB) Method to calculate Vegas. Numerical results show that although th...

Software pricing has traditionally been focused on the vendor’s internal business objectives of covering costs, achieving specified margins, and meeting the competition. Pricing methods such as flat price, tiered pricing, MIPS-based, usage-based, per user, per seat, and pay as you go, are often tactical in nature and easily matched by competitors, which can undermine profitability by accelerati...

This paper gives a probabilistic interpretation of a class of nite diierence schemes often referred to as the-method. In particular, the present paper shows that for some parameter values the-method can been seen as a binomial tree with a random time.

A special inequality between the tail probabilities of certain related hypergeometrics was shown by Seneta and Phipps [19] to suggest useful ‘quasi-exact’ alternatives to Fisher’s [5] Exact Test. With this result as motivation, two inequalities of Hájek and Havránek [6] are investigated in this paper and are generalised to produce inequalities in the form required. A parallel inequality in bino...

This research investigates how the price frame affects the consumer’s preference. Using qualitative methodology from the prospective of behavioral science, we find in the overall assessment of a product, the consumers have more selective attention and thus higher weight on secondary attributes under partitioned pricing than under combined pricing. That means in online selling, consumers pay mor...