The main purpose of this work is the comparison of several objective functions for optimization of the vertical alignment. To this end, after formulation of optimum vertical alignment problem based on different constraints, the objective function was considered as four forms including: 1) the sum of the absolute value of variance between the vertical alignment and the existing ground; 2) the su...

Once the horizontal alignment of a forest road section between two known locations has been determined by establishing a series of intersection points, the most economic vertical alignment can be identified using heuristic techniques. In a previous research work, Simulated Annealing (SA) was used to locate the optimal vertical alignment for a preselected horizontal alignment, while subject to t...

One of the most important factors that affects construction costs of highways is the earthwork cost. On the other hand, the earthwork cost strongly depends on the design of vertical alignment or project line. In this study, at first, the problem of vertical alignment optimization was formulated. To this end, station, elevation and vertical curve length in case of each point of vertical intersec...

Accurate alignment and vertical channel instability play an important role in the strap-down inertial navigation system (SINS), especially in the case that precise navigation has to be achieved over long periods of time. Due to poor initialization as well as the cumulative errors of low-cost inertial measurement units (IMUs), initial alignment is not sufficient to achieve required navigation ac...

The writers of this paper see the current highway design standards as a two-dimensional projection which the horizontal and vertical alignments are treated separately. A model developed in this paper considers and study the sight distance as a three-dimensional alignment on the design requirements. The paper examines the required minimum radius of a horizontal curve combined with a crest or sag...

Selecting an optimal vertical alignment while satisfying safety and design constraints is an important task during road construction. The amount of earthwork operations depends on the design of the vertical alignment, so a good vertical alignment can have a profound impact on final construction costs. In this research, we improve the performance of a previous mixed-integer linear programming mo...

A simple method for achieving high-contrast vertical alignment of high birefringence (Dn 0.28) negative dielectric anisotropic liquid crystal mixture using buffed polyimide substrates is demonstrated. By doping a positive, or non-polar dielectric anisotropic compound or mixture to the laterally difluorinated tolane liquid crystal host, an excellent vertical alignment was obtained. This alignmen...