recent studies have shown that glucocorticoids may have modulatory effect on anxiety reactions. this effect may occur with opioid system interference. according to that, the purpose of this research is to assess the effect of dexamethasone as glucocorticoid agonist and its interaction with opioidergic system on the anxiety modulatory effect in plus maze model in mice. male white mice with mediu...

objective: it has been shown that silybum marianum or its extracts have hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. nitric oxide (no) plays an important role in neurotransmission, neuroprotection, neurotoxicity and pathological pain, as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the central nervous system. therefore, this experiment was performed in orde...

teucrium polium is used for treatment of visceral pain in iranian folkloric medicine. in this studyantinociceptive mechanisms of t. polium hydroethanolic extract were examined by acetic acid-inducedwrithing test as a model of visceral pain in male nmri mice. to reveal the antinociceptive mechanisms ofthe extract, we examined the effects of opioidergic, serotonergic, adrenergic and histaminergic...

Opioid and opioid-like receptors are activated by a variety of endogenous peptides including [Met]enkephalin (met), [Leu]enkephalin (leu), β-endorphin (β-end), α-neodynorphin, dynorphin A (dynA), B (dynB), big (Big dyn), nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ); endomorphin-1 endomorphin-2 also potential peptides. The Greek letter nomenclature for the opioid receptors, μ, δ κ, is well established, NC-IUP...

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the antinociceptive activity potential of Tofisopam and elucidate possible involvement opioid system in effect.Material Method: The efficacy (25 50 mg/kg) evaluated by hot-plate acetic acid-induced writhing tests; while effects drug on motor coordination mice were with Rota-rod tests.Result Discussion: at a dose mg/kg significantly prolonged...

Abstract Background: Tramadol is a centrally acting opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to sever pain. It has more advantage and less opioid adverse effects than conventional opioid analgesia. Case Report: This article reports a patient with tramadol dependency that had psychosis after tramadol withdrawal. Conclusion: By the increase of tramadol usage for relief of chronic pain, t...

Sigma receptors are protein chaperones with the unexpected characteristic of being activated by ligand binding. As such, they represent intriguing new targets for potential drug development. a chaperone, these “receptors” escort proteins from endoplasmic reticulum to their destinations and act correct misfolded proteins. The two subtypes sigma receptors, named σ1 σ2, markedly distinct each othe...

Opioid analgesics are clinically used to relieve severe pain in acute postoperative and cancer pain, also the long term chronic pain. The analgesic action is mediated by μ-, δ-, κ-receptors, but currently, with few exceptions for k-agonists, μ-agonists only ones therapy. Previously synthesized compounds diazotricyclodecane cores (DTDs) have shown their effectiveness binding opioid receptors. Fo...

Abstract Background Prediabetes is characterized by a hemoglobin A1c of 5.7–6.4% and fasting blood glucose 100–125 mg/dl. A high percentage prediabetes subjects develop type 2 diabetes mellitus in the next years. The effects opioid peptides their receptors, addition to immunological cytokines, on are not well understood. Therefore, molecular, physiological, clinical studies required link system...