objective: in this study, the current literatures on the use of herbs and herbal preparations of traditional chinese and indian medicine for the treatment of opioid addiction were reviewed. methods: search was done in databases such as pub med, science direct, scopus, springer link, and google scholar. results: among 18 retrieved studies, 3 studies were about asafetida extract, an approved prep...

while for a long time it has been perceived that neonates and young children do not perceive pain as the adult, this notion had to be corrected on the basis of neurophysiological data and the ontogenisis of the nociceptive system. also, it has been demonstrated conclusively that neonates and the young infant perceive pain at a much lower nociceptive input which is largely due to a still immatur...

OBJECTIVE After prolonged opioid exposure, children develop opioid-induced hyperalgesia, tolerance, and withdrawal. Strategies for prevention and management should be based on the mechanisms of opioid tolerance and withdrawal. PATIENTS AND METHODS Relevant manuscripts published in the English language were searched in Medline by using search terms "opioid," "opiate," "sedation," "analgesia," ...

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Identification of adaptations to chronic morphine that are causally associated with opioid tolerance formation has long been intensely pursued by the opioid research community. There is an impressive array of components of signaling pathways that are influenced by chronic opioid administration. This underscores the importance to tolerance mechanisms of the complex interplay of cellular adaptati...

The age-dependency of opioid analgesia and tolerance has been noticed in both clinical observation and laboratory studies. Evidence shows that many molecular and cellular events that play essential roles in opioid analgesia and tolerance are actually age-dependent. For example, the expression and functions of endogenous opioid peptides, multiple types of opioid receptors, G protein subunits tha...

Chronic pain is a major public health problem with limited treatment options. Opioids remain a routine treatment for chronic pain, but extended exposure to opioid therapy can produce opioid tolerance and hyperalgesia. Although the mechanisms underlying chronic pain, opioid-induced tolerance, and opioid-induced hyperalgesia remain to be uncovered, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is involved...

OBJECTIVES To review the definitions and scientific basis for opioid tolerance and dependence in neonates and older children; to assess objective methods for the clinical evaluation of opioid abstinence syndromes in this age group; and to suggest therapeutic strategies for the treatment of opioid abstinence in critically ill neonates and children. DATA SOURCES The published literature on opio...

Chronic use of opioid analgesics has been hindered by the development of opioid addiction and tolerance. We have reported that curcumin, a natural flavonoid from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, attenuated opioid tolerance, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that curcumin may inhibit Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II α (CaMKIIα), ...