background: poisoning is a serious health problem in the world. in the intentional type, the person may attempt suicide by self-poisoning or may be poisoned by others in a criminal act. the present study was designed to investigate the causes and the frequency of poisoning cases referring to loqman hospital, tehran, iran, during summer 2010. methods: in this descriptive-analytical study, age, g...

background: opioid drugs are the most effective drugs for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. rates of opioid use are influenced by a variety of factors. the aim of this study was to determine the pattern of use of parenteral opioid drugs in hospitalized patients in a referral teaching hospital. methods: in a retrospective study, required data were extracted from medical records of adult ...

C appreciate that there is interplay between the actions of the different subtypes of receptor and hence the value of drugs which target multiple receptor subtypes. Abstract The opioid system comprises four receptor subtypes: m (MOP), k (KOP), d (DOP), now called the ‘classical’ opioid receptors, and the ‘non classical’ nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (N/OFQ) receptor (NOP). Selective endogenous...

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conclusions pain management in patients with liver dysfunction is always challenging to physicians because of the adverse reactions of drugs, especially opioids. opioids should be used cautiously since they can cause sedation, constipation and sudden encephalopathy effects. since the clearance of these drugs in patients with hepatic insufficiency is decreased, the initial dose must be decreased...

The increased use of opioids in the treatment of chronic pain encourages the search for drugs with low abuse and tolerance potential but with potent analgesic activity. Opioid agonist-antagonists and partial agonists have less abuse potential than do mu opioid receptor agonists such as morphine, and have been used for many years for their analgesic affects. Recently they have been approved for ...

Opioid drugs such as heroin interact directly with opioid receptors whilst other addictive drugs, including marijuana, alcohol and nicotine indirectly activate endogenous opioid systems to contribute to their rewarding properties. The opioid system therefore plays a key role in addiction neurobiology and continues to be a primary focus for NIDA-supported research. Opioid receptors and their pep...

BACKGROUND Research grounded in behavioral economics has previously linked addictive behavior to disrupted decision-making and reward-processing, but these principles have not been examined in prescription opioid addiction, which is currently a major public health problem. This study examined whether pre-treatment drug reinforcement value predicted opioid use during outpatient treatment of pres...

Since 1952, when Gates determined the stereo structure of morphine, numerous groups have focused on discovering a nonnarcotic opioid drug. Although several natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic opioid ligands (alkaloids and peptides) have been developed in clinical studies, very few were nonnarcotic opioid drugs. One of the most important studies in the opioid field appeared in 1976, when Marti...

the catastrophic effects of opioids use on public health and the economy are documented clearly in numerous studies. repeated morphine administration can lead to either a decrease (tolerance) or an increase (sensitization) in its behavioral and rewarding effects. morphine-induced sensitization is a major problem and plays an important role in abuse of the opioid drugs. studies reported that mor...