Spatial relations of our environment are represented in cognitive maps. These cognitive maps are prone to various distortions (e.g., alignment and hierarchical effects) caused by basic cognitive factors (such as perceptual and conceptual reorganization) but also by affectively loaded and attitudinal influences. Here we show that even differences in attitude towards a single person representing ...

Harm reduction policies and attitudes in the United States have advanced substantially in recent years but still lag behind more advanced jurisdictions in Europe and elsewhere. The Obama administration, particularly in its last years, embraced some harm reduction policies that had been rejected by previous administrations but shied away from more cutting edge interventions like supervised consu...

The present study examines the relationship between racial prejudice and reactions to President Barack Obama and his policies. Before the 2008 election, participants’ levels of implicit and explicit anti-Black prejudice were measured. Over the following days and months, voting behavior, attitudes toward Obama, and attitudes toward Obama’s health care reform plan were assessed. Controlling for e...

A comparative fact can be presented in two ways. ‘Among white evangelical Christians, Obama had 40% fewer votes than McCain.’ or ‘Among white evangelical Christians, McCain had 40% more votes than Obama.’ Focusing on why Obama had fewer votes than McCain may result in a different explanation from focusing on why McCain had more votes than Obama, although it is the same fact. Thus what determine...

Three studies tested whether the opportunity to endorse Barack Obama made individuals subsequently more likely to favor Whites over Blacks. In Study 1, participants were more willing to describe a job as better suited for Whites than for Blacks after expressing support for Obama. Study 2 replicated this effect and ruled out alternative explanations: participants favored Whites for the job after...

a r t i c l e i n f o President Obama's election has been construed as a potentially positive force for intergroup relations, but this issue has not been previously addressed experimentally. In experiment 1, conducted 4–5 months after the election, White participants were primed with either President Obama or nature before completing a variety of race-related measures. Results indicated that pr...

This article explains some of the technical terms commonly used in semantic theory. One such term is extension. The notion of an extension is a generalization of the notion of reference. Proper names refer to objects, and a proper name's extension is the object to which it refers. For instance, the extension of 'Barack Obama' is Barack Obama, and the extension of 'Los Angeles' is Los Angeles. T...

through termination of cold war and in the way of attempts of u.s.a for continuingcooperation with newly established powerful counties in order to obtain modernglobal discipline the relationships between u.s.a and india was increased andreached to its climax during presidency of george bush. nevertheless, this growthof bilateral relationship was very reduced by selecting obama as president of u...