within the components of communicative competence, a special emphasis is put on the “rules of politeness,” specifically the politeness strategies (brown and levinson, 1978) that speakers deploy when performing the request speech act. this is because the degree of imposition that making a request places upon one’s interlocutor(s) has been seen to be influenced by several factors among which, as ...

Aim and background: Our goal to perform this study was to evaluate the effect of adding lidocaine to the irrigation solution during knee arthroscopy on decreasing patient's degree of pain. Methods and materials: This was a randomized double blind study, in which 41 patients were enrolled in each group. In the control group, the irrigation solution in arthroscopy was just normal saline without a...

Background: Spinal anesthesia can be associated with hemodynamic changes and some other complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding fentanyl to lidocaine on the spinal anesthesia time and its complications for cesarean section.Methods: Sixty pregnant women with gestational age of 37- 42 weeks and ASA physical status I and II undergoing elective cesarean section und...