Ethanol is a widely used psychoactive drug whose chronic abuse is associated with organ dysfunction and disease. Although the prevalent metabolic fate of ethanol in the human body is oxidation a smaller fraction undergoes nonoxidative metabolism yielding ethyl glucuronide, ethyl sulfate, phosphatidylethanol and fatty acid ethyl esters. Nonoxidative ethanol metabolites persist in tissues and bod...

The activated sludge process is commonly used to treat wastewater by aerobic oxidation of organic pollutants into carbon dioxide and water. However, several nonoxidative mechanisms can also contribute to removal of organics. Sorption onto activated sludge can remove a large fraction of the colloidal and particulate wastewater organics. Intracellular storage of, e.g., polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)...

The formation of pentose phosphate from hexose monophosphate involves either the oxidative pathway from glucose 6phosphate through 6-phosphogluconate or the series of nonoxidative transfer reactions catalyzed by transketolase and transaldolase, in which sedoheptulose 7-phosphate is an intermediate (1). In mammalian tissues the nonoxidative pathway appears to play a major role (2-5), accounting ...

To determine whether activation by insulin of glycogen synthase (GS), phosphofructokinase (PFK), or pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) in skeletal muscle regulates intracellular glucose metabolism, subjects were studied basally and during euglycemic insulin infusions of 12, 30, and 240 mU/m2 X min. Glucose disposal, oxidative and nonoxidative glucose metabolism were determined. GS, PFK, and PDH were ...

Histidase catalyzes the irreversible nonoxidative deamination of histidine to urocanic acid. This reaction (Equation 1) has been studied in mammalian and bacterial preparations (1). Although enzymes which carry out similar deaminations of other amino acids (notably aspartic acid) have been described, to date no detailed studies of the mechanism of the process of nonoxidative deamination have be...

The transition from rest to intense exercise is a challenge to cellular energetics (11, 13, 15). The metabolic fuels, i.e., the sources of ATP to sustain muscular contraction, are creatine phosphate and glycogen. Two anaerobic metabolic paths, leading to ATP generation, are catalyzed by creatine kinase and by the 12 enzymes of nonoxidative glycolysis, starting from glycogen. There is now genera...

A recently identified function of leptin is to protect nonadipose tissues from the nonoxidative metabolic products of long-chain fatty acids (FAs) during periods of overnutrition by increasing the -oxidative metabolism of surplus FAs and reducing lipogenesis. When this protective system fails, harmful products of nonoxidative metabolism such as ceramide increase in nonadipose tissues, including...

An acetate-requiring mutant of Methanococcus maripaludis allowed efficient labeling of riboses following growth in minimal medium supplemented with [2-(13)C]acetate. Nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopic analysis of purified cytidine and uridine demonstrated that the C-1' of the ribose was about 67% enriched for 13C. This value was inconsistent with the formation of erythrose 4-phos...

Mycobacterium tuberculosis parasitizes resting macrophages yet is killed by activated macrophages through both oxidative and nonoxidative mechanisms. Nonoxidative mechanisms are linked to the maturation of the bacteria-containing phagosome into an acidified, hydrolytically active compartment. We describe here a mechanism for killing Mycobacteria in the lysosomal compartment through the activity...