in vitro propagation of az x m9 new apple rootstock resulted of breeding program of vegetative apple rootstock in iran was investigated. nodal explants were inoculated in murashige and skoog (ms) medium supplemented with various concentrations of 6-benzylaminon purine (bap) (0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 mg/l) alone or with naphthalene acetic acid (naa) (0.1 mg/l). we examined the effect of different concen...

low water consumption in autumn sugar beet sowing is an important strategy for sugar beet production, especially in arid regions like iran. for the development of a new monogerm triploid hybrid called sharif which is bolting tolerant and suitable for autumn sowing in khuzestan province, a breeding program was started in 1994 and continued for16 years. this program had two stages; the first stag...

This paper proposes a single-phase five-level inverter with a modified pulse width-modulated (PWM)control scheme. The modified pulse width-modulation technique is developed to reduce switching loss.Also, the proposed multilevel inverter can reduce the requirement of power switches compared to aconventional cascaded multilevel inverter. The modes of operation, control signals, and operatingprinc...

in this paper, we introduce the new class of implicit l-stable generalized hybrid methods forthe numerical solution of first order initial value problems. we generalize the hybrid methodswith utilize ynv directly in the right hand side of classical hybrid methods. the numericalexperimentation showed that our method is considerably more efficient compared to wellknown methods used for the numer...

We suggest a new type of grating reflector denoted hybrid grating (HG) which shows large reflectivity in a broad wavelength range and has a structure suitable for realizing a vertical cavity laser with ultra-small modal volume. The properties of the grating reflector are investigated numerically and explained. The HG consists of an un-patterned III-V layer and a Si grating. The III-V layer has ...

Conversion of fossil fuels to electrical power is the most popular method of electrical power generation. Due to the depletion of fossil fuels and the increase in air pollution, the necessity of using high efficiency power generation systems is increasing. High temperature fuel cells, such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), have high efficiency. According t...

abstract in this paper, the effect of foreign sector macro-variable on inflation dynamics and firms’ pricing behavior has been investigated in the context of a small open economy new keynesian phillips curve. this curve is derived and estimated for a developing oil-exporting economy suffering from dutch disease. this version of nkpc is an extension of leith and malley’s (2007) small open econom...

In this paper, we study a new operational numerical method for hybrid fuzzy fractional differential equations by using of the hybrid functions under generalized Caputo- type fuzzy fractional derivative. Solving two examples of hybrid fuzzy fractional differential equations illustrate the method.