retinoic acid is one of the derivatives of vitamin A.it is used for treatment of dermatitis,but it has different teratogenic effects on developing organs depending on the different stages of embryonic life.neural  tube is made of two different parts:primary neural tube originated from embryo germinal layer and and secondary neural tube originated from tail bud.the persent study was designed to ...

background & importance: iniencephaly is a rare cranio-cervical deformity. it belongs to neural tube defects. this disorder is characterized by a retroflexion of head, a very short neck, varying degrees of incomplete posterior closure of vertebrae and cervical and thoracic spinal synostosis. this malformation is associated with central nervous system and systemic malformations. most of patients...

background: neural tube defects (ntd) are one of the leading causes of infant mortality worldwide. this study was de­signed to determine the prevalence of ntds among native fars ethnic groups during 1998-2005, and to identify maternal and demographic factors associated with ntds. methods: we performed a descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study in dezyani hospital, gorgan, north of iran,...

iniencephaly is a rare kind of neural tube defect that is classified into two types of iniencephaly apertus and iniencephaly clausus. this anomaly could be diagnosed prenatally by obstetric ultrasonography and terminated by therapeutic abortion; however, it could be undiagnosed until birth similar to our case due to the abnormal position of the fetus or lack of experience of the sonographer. du...

the cause of neural tube defects (ntds) is multifactorial and in this case folic acid has an important role. since the neural tube is closed during 21-28 days of pregnancy, most of women are not informed about their pregnancy at this time, and as a result the golden time of folic acid consumption is missed. the aim of this study was evaluating the performance of pregnant women attending to tehr...

in this investigation the effects of excess vitamin a administration during the early embryonic period were studied. intramuscular injection of a single dose of 15000,20000 or 25000 iu/kg vitamin a to pregnant balb/c strain mice on either day 7,8,9 or 10 of gestation (vaginal plug= day 0 of gestation) produced major malformations in the central nervous system (cns) including exencephaly, hydroc...

abstract objective neural tube defects including anencephaly, encephalocele, and spina bifida are major congenital malformations with multifactorial etiology, and with a great variation in their prevalence in different populations. the study on the prevalence of these malformations may be helpful in planning strategies for their prevention. the aim of this epidemiologic descriptive study was to...

background: spina bifida and anencephaly are among serious and fatal anomalies in infants that may lead to a 50-70% of reduction in incidence when folic acid is consumed before conception. methods: in a cross sectional study, 2997 pregnant women were evaluated to determine the level of their knowledge and practice about using folic acid in fars province, southern iran. results: eighty percent o...

objective while the effects of folic acid are well established in prevention of neural tube defects (ntds), these diseases have a high prevalence in iran. in order to encourage folic acid supplement use in pregnancy, it is important to promote the awareness of women of childbearing age regarding folic acid importance in preventing ntds. the aim of the present study was to study the knowledge an...