This paper provides the first estimates of purchasing power parity (PPP) converters from the production side between China and the UK for the early 1910s. It gives a new starting point to evaluate the economic development in pre-modern China during the early industrialization since the late 19 th century. The estimated PPPs for manufacturing industries provide relative levels of producer prices...

In solution, unsubstituted guanine (GH2) is in a tautomeric equilibrium between 1H,7H-keto and 1H,9H-keto forms. Upon coordination with (dien)Pt(II), N9-bound mononuclear complex is preferentially formed. With excess (dien)Pt(II), the dinuclear complex [{Pt(dien)}2(GH-N7,N9)]3+ is formed at basic pH. The X-ray crystal structure analysis of mononuclear complexes [Pt(dien)(GH2-N9)](ClO4)2 x 2.25 ...

Four guanidine derivatives of N4,N9-diacylated spermine have been designed, synthesized, and characterized. These guanidine-containing cationic lipids bound siRNA and formed nanoparticles. Two cationic lipids with C18 unsaturated chains, N1,N12-diamidino-N4,N9-dioleoylspermine and N1,N12-diamidino-N4-linoleoyl-N9-oleoylspermine, were more efficient in terms of GFP expression reduction compared ...

Measurements related to user expectations, behaviors and experiences can provide useful data to many roles and teams in a company. Each role provides different views to the question “what should be measured, and why?” We conducted an empirical study on user experience (UX) measurement needs at different units and levels in one corporate (Nokia) and asked which kinds of UX measurements would be ...

We construct a lot of new [n, 4, d]9 codes whose lengths are close to the Griesmer bound and prove the nonexistence of some linear codes attaining the Griesmer bound using some geometric techniques through projective geometries to determine the exact value of n9(4, d) or to improve the known bound on n9(4, d) for given values of d, where nq(k, d) is the minimum length n for which an [n, k, d]q ...

Bin, r, k) = 0 fo r k > n, B(n9 r9 0) = 0 , Bin, r, 1) = r(r + l ) . . . ( p + n 1 ) , Bin, v, ri) = v and Bin, ls k) = \L(n9 k) | , t h e s i g n l e s s Lah numbers ( see Riordan [ 1 2 ] , p . 4 4 ) . Ahuja & Enneking have a l s o ob ta ined (see [2]) t he fo l lowing r e l a t i o n s for t he B(n9 r9 k)'s: Bin + 1, v9 k) = in + rk)B(n9 v9 k) + vBin, r, k 1 ) , (2) and [Bin9 v9 k)] > Bin, v,...

Current management of hemophilia B entails multiple weekly infusions of factor IX (FIX) to prevent bleeding episodes. In an attempt to make a longer acting recombinant FIX (rFIX), we have explored a new releasable protraction concept using the native N-glycans in the activation peptide as sites for attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG). Release of the activation peptide by physiologic activat...

Bacillus thermoleovorans S-II and B. thermoleovorans NR-9 produce bacteriocins, and these bacteriocins are designated thermoleovorin-S2 and thermoleovorin-N9, respectively. The bacteriocins are effective against all but the producing strain of B. thermoleovorans, as well as being effective against Salmonella typhimurium, Branhamella catarrhalis, Streptococcus faecalis, and Thermus aquaticus. Th...

Background—Animal model studies have shown that the colon tumour promoting eVect of dietary fat depends not only on the amount but on its fatty acid composition. With respect to this, the eVect of n9 fatty acids, present in olive oil, on colon carcinogenesis has been scarcely investigated. Aims—To assess the eVect of an n9 fat diet on precancer events, carcinoma development, and changes in muco...

Reduced perception of somatosensory stimulation in patients with essential hypertension may be due to deficits in the ascending somatosensory pathway. Function in the ascending somatosensory pathway was assessed by measuring N9, N13, and N20 somatosensory-evoked potentials in 14 unmedicated essential hypertensives and 22 normotensives. N9 amplitudes were smaller and N13 amplitudes marginally sm...