Up to date, there are four pharmacologically characterized subtypes of muscarinic receptors (M1, M2, M3 and M4). In our study we have investigated muscarinic receptor subtypes in smooth muscle layers of human stomach. Isolated preparations of longitudinal and circular muscle layers from human stomach were used. Acetylcholine, bethanechol, carbachol, pilocarpine and AHR -602 produced concen...

up to date, there are four pharmacologically characterized subtypes of muscarinic receptors (m1, m2, m3 and m4). in our study we have investigated muscarinic receptor subtypes in smooth muscle layers of human stomach. isolated preparations of longitudinal and circular muscle layers from human stomach were used. acetylcholine, bethanechol, carbachol, pilocarpine and ahr -602 produced concentrati...

introduction : the  rapid development  of wireless telecommunication technologies  over the past decades, has led to significant changes in the exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fi elds. nowadays, people are continuously exposed to different sources of electromagnetic fi elds such as mobile phones, mobile base stations, cordless phones, wi-fi routers, and power lines. therefore,...

introduction : the fast-growing telecommunication and wireless technologies has led to more dependence to these communication devices and higher levels of exposure to electromagnetic radiations propagated by cellular devices and their service towers. to disable signaling in places where silence is valued or where information quarantine measures are required, mobile phone jammers emit radiofrequ...

Introduction: The rapid development of wireless telecommunication technologies over the past decades, has led to significant changes in the exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields. Nowadays, people are continuously exposed to different sources of electromagnetic fields such as mobile phones, mobile base stations, cordless phones, Wi-Fi routers, and power lines. Therefore, th...

Background: Muscle fatigue is an important issue in neuromuscular rehabilitation. Better control of this phenomenon would result in better prevention of its consequent physiological damages.Objective: To provide a mathematical representation of muscle fatigue as a function of time.Methods: We conducted this study by combining the EMG-based estimation methods of muscle activation with the availa...

background: muscle fatigue is an important issue in neuromuscular rehabilitation. better control of this phenomenon would result in better prevention of its consequent physiological damages. objective: to provide a mathematical representation of muscle fatigue as a function of time. methods: we conducted this study by combining the emg-based estimation methods of muscle activation with the avai...

This study evaluated the role of Ca2+ in spontaneous and ACh- and KCl-induced contractions in longitudinal and circular smooth muscle from rabbit small intestine in vitro. In the first experiment, the amplitude, frequency and tone of spontaneous contractions in longitudinal and circular smooth muscle of small intestine were determined and, in the second experiment, the ACh- and KCl-induced resp...