BACKGROUND: Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) are the most important and pathogenic mycoplasma in chicken production. The tendency of avian mycoplasma for interaction with other pathogen is well-known. Interaction within several disease-producing factors in respiratory tract exacerbate the disease and known as multicausal respiratory disease. OBJECTIVES: In recent years...

BACKGROUND: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is one of the most principal contagious diseases with a significant role in multifactorial respiratory diseases in the poultry industry. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate and detect NDVs in multicausal respiratory diseases. METHODS: A total of 180 tracheal swabs were collected from 20 ...

background: changes in global temperature and its health effects have recently been under much investigated. consequently, these changes have affected mortality and morbidity rates which are important public health indices. the present study examines the effect of mean temperature on the frequency of hospitalization due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in ali ibn abi talib hospital of...

Infectious Laryngotrachitis (ILT) is an acute respiratory disease with high morbidity and low mortality in poultry. ILT is caused by Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1), a member of the Iltovirus genus and family Herpesviridae. It resulted in notable economic losses due to decreasing the growth rates, egg production, and increasing the mortality in commercial poultry, especially layer flocks, and usu...

BACKGROUND The etiology of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is often referred to as a "two-hit model," the first hit being patient predisposition and the second being a transfusion. This model lumps all patient-related risk factors together and thereby may hamper identification of individual, potentially preventable or modifiable risk factors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Like any di...

background: air pollution is one of the most important factors threatening the health of citizens. it increases the prevalence of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases as well as emergency admissions to hospitals in the polluted metropolitan cities. the present study was conducted using air quality (airq) model and aimed to investigate the effects of air pollution on the number of emergency c...

respiratory disorders are major concern for dairy cattle industry. viruses and bacteria in combinationwith stress play a key role in triggering acute respiratory infections. the most important viral agents arebovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), bovine herpes virus type 1 (bhv-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus(brsv), parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv-3) and bovine adenovirus (bav). this cros...

more than one percent of the labor force in each country consists of welders exposed to various damages caused by welding. the number of studies conducted in this field is low, especially in iran. in this paper, we tried to discover any temporary and reversible obstructive effect of welding fumes on the respiratory systems of welders. in this cross-sectional study, peak expiratory flow rates an...

pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality in young children worldwide. early diagnosis and empiric antibacterial therapy is an important strategy to improve outcome. the world health organization (who) has developed case management guidelines to reduce pneumonia-related deaths through early diagnosis and antibiotic treatment. for management purpose, pneumonia is subclassified by its severity....