There has been evidence that plants exhibit overcompensation after damage through trampling or herbivory. Cirsium pitcheri is an endangered thistle found in the sandy dunes of northern Michigan. The purpose of our experiment was to determine if this monocarpic plant exhibits overcompensation by observing pollination and fitness measures. We recorded pollinator activity, head count, and seed out...

A multi-stemmed growth form may be an important trait enabling the persistence of individual shrubs in the forest understory. With the aim of evaluating the role of multiple stems, neighbor competition and soil nutrients in shrub performance, we study the dynamics of two temperate multi-stemmed shrub species. We modeled stem growth and survival of Corylus mandshurica and Acer barbinerve in two ...

the injection may have triggered a reaction far more lethal than any future distant threat of a comparatively rare disease”. The Health Editor of The Times, alongside sound advice under the headline “There are always risks, but this vaccine will save lives”, strongly implied that HPV vaccine had caused Natalie’s death. “Most experts agree that vaccinating against the virus that causes cervical ...

Due to the importance of Acer monspessulanum in Iranian mountain forests, a study was carried out to reliably estimate its woody biomass and growing volume via allometric equations. Four transects, five trees in each were chosen randomly. The characteristics of standing trees including: diameter at root collar, height, number of stems and crown width were measured, then trees were finally cut d...

Background Antibiotic spacers in shoulder periprosthetic joint infection deliver antibiotics locally and provide temporary stability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences between stemmed and stemless spacers. Methods All spacers placed from 2011 to 2013 were identified. Stemless spacers were made by creating a spherical ball of cement placed in the joint space. Stemmed spacer...

Shrubs are multi-stemmed short woody plants, more widespread than trees, important in many ecosystems, neglected in ecology compared to herbs and trees, but currently in focus due to their global expansion. We present a novel model based on scaling relationships and four hypotheses to explain the adaptive significance of shrubs, including a review of the literature with a test of one hypothesis...