The role of forest plantations in biodiversity conservation has gained more attention in recent years. However, most work on evaluating the diversity of forest plantations focuses only on one spatial scale; thus, we examined the effects of sampling scale on diversity in forest plantations. We designed a hierarchical sampling strategy to collect data on woody species diversity in planted pine (P...

in order to investigate the effects of  management models on the diversity of wooden species, forests of third series of shiler, the first division mehrbanrud watershed and third and fourth series of eight division of behshahr – neka townships were studied with participatory and governmental management respectively. the diversity of the wooden species have been evaluated by diversity parametric...

Projection of stand development over time relies on accurate height–diameter functions. In complex forests where trees of various ages, species, sizes, vigor and crown classes, and shade tolerance levels coexist, tree height predictions are more difficult than in uniform conditions. In such complex situations, individual tree height–diameter relationships and predictions are often further compl...

A multi-stemmed growth form may be an important trait enabling the persistence of individual shrubs in the forest understory. With the aim of evaluating the role of multiple stems, neighbor competition and soil nutrients in shrub performance, we study the dynamics of two temperate multi-stemmed shrub species. We modeled stem growth and survival of Corylus mandshurica and Acer barbinerve in two ...

Abstract Understanding structurally complex boreal stands is crucial for designing ecosystem management strategies that promote forest resilience under global change. However, current practices lead to the homogenization and simplification of structures in biome. In this chapter, we illustrate two options managing productive resilient forests: (1) two-aged mixed-species forests; (2) multi-aged,...

Xerocomus cyaneibrunnescens, Xerocomus potaroensis, and Xerocomus parvogracilis (Boletales, Basidiomycota) are described as new species from the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana, in the central Guiana Shield region. These boletes occur in neotropical forests dominated by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) trees in the genus Dicymbe (Fabaceae subfam. Caesalpinioideae). Each species produced basidiomata during a...

This is the third in a series of publications on floristic studies of macrofungi of Arasbaran forests (NW. Iran). In the first paper, new species of the genus Cortinarius, subgenus Myxacium collected from Arasbaran forests, were reported for the first time in Iran. In this paper, species of the genus Cortinarius, subgenus Phlegmacium are presented. Six species viz. C. fluryi, C. paracephalixus,...

zagros forests are a treasure of various valuable species of oak in iran and the world. long-term misuse in the past has caused severe degradation in the zagros forests. recently these forests have become national but misuses by local people to make living because of poverty and unemployment are continued. in order to reduce degradation and improve sustainability, ecological capability for exte...