Al-Ījī presents the final stage of Ashʿarism, and his arguments reflect traditional philosophical approaches in school. This paper main that al-Ījī deployed to refute Muʿtazilites’ ethical realism. Its aim is present exact form al-Ījī’s arguments, explain them, discuss objections, then evaluate their strengths. The paper’s arguments; nevertheless, it gives some clarifications when needed unders...

The Melkites, Jacobites, and Nestorians were the main Christian communities under Muslim rule. Several pre-Islamic Arab Christian authors wrote treatises concerning their beliefs in Arabic, some of which date back to the early Islamic centuries. The multiplicity of such polemical works suggests an intellectually open society and a degree of tolerance shown by Muslim leaders. Abu Raʾita...

Man’s individual responsibility is a very central notion in Muslim theology. Rational foundations for moral responsibility presuppose, however, that man has in some way control over his actions. It was therefore of central concern to theologians to formulate theories of action that were coherent enough to account for human selfdetermination. This article examines al-Bāqillānī’s reflections on h...